| Date | November 2016 | Marks available | 20 | Reference code | 16N.3op2a.HL.TZ0.17 |
| Level | Higher level only | Paper | Paper 3 (Aspects of the history of Africa) - last exams 2016 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | Compare and contrast | Question number | 17 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Compare and contrast the achievement of independence in Tanganyika and Kenya.
Markscheme
Candidates are expected to have a clear understanding of the differing circumstances of the independence movements in Kenya and Tanganyika. While it is likely that areas of contrast will outweigh the comparisons, it is expected that there should be some balance between the two elements in candidates’ responses.
Indicative content
Comparisons
- In each case, strong nationalist movements led the fight for independence against the British: TANU in Tanganyika and KANU in Kenya.
- In each case this movement was headed by charismatic leaders whose role in winning independence was hugely important: Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya and Julius Nyerere in Tanganyika.
- Full independence was preceded by constitutional changes that gradually gave Africans greater political representation.
- In each territory, after initial resistance to the idea of independence (although this resistance was stronger in Kenya than in Tanganyika), the British were finally persuaded that there was nothing to be gained by further delays. The result was that Britain conceded independence to Africans.
Contrasts
- Tanganyika, as a UN Trust Territory, held a different status under international law to Kenya, which was a crown colony. This meant that its path to independence would be relatively more straightforward.
- In Kenya, independence was vociferously opposed by a sizeable settler lobby. This was not the case in Tanganyika.
- In Tanganyika tribal differences were not as divisive as in Kenya, which meant that TANU could grow as a nationalist movement representing all Africans. In Kenya there were many more tensions, mainly arising from the fears of other groups that the Kikuyu would dominate.
- The Mau Mau rebellion meant that armed revolt became an essential element of Kenya’s path to independence. In Tanganyika, independence was achieved more peacefully.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, the list is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.
Examiners and moderators are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.
[20 marks]
