(i) Identify the malnutrition category experienced in Swaziland, but not in Poland. 

(ii) Briefly describe how the malnutrition category you have identified in (a)(i) affects an individual.

(iii) Identify malnutrition category C.

Briefly describe what is meant by the term famine.

Referring to one type of agricultural system, explain what is meant by the term energy efficiency ratio.

To what extent is access to safe water a good indicator of the health of a population?

(i) Child stunting [1]

(ii) Children are less tall than they would be with adequate nutrition [1], and have a lower cognitive capacity or a reduced ability to learn [1].

Accept other valid points such as “they are likely to earn less when they grow up”.

If a candidate chooses micronutrient deficiency in part (i) and describes it well in part (ii), award up to a maximum of [2].

(iii) Adult obesity [1] (accept “obesity”).

A famine occurs when there is a serious shortage of food [1], normally over a wide area or affecting a large number of people [1]. Accept other valid statements such as leads to an increase in regional mortality, or severe health consequences, or places a population on the brink of starvation.

Award [2] for explaining that “energy efficiency ratio” is the ratio between energy inputs [1] and energy outputs [1] for any particular type of agriculture.

Award a further [2] for relating this to a specific type of agricultural system.

For example: Growing tomatoes in glasshouses in non-tropical countries requires very large inputs of energy [1] compared to the energy contained in the crop produced [1], making this form of agriculture very energy inefficient.

Award up to full credit for a diagram that demonstrates this concept.

One approach to answering the question is to focus on links between safe water and health. Another approach would be to discuss alternative indicators of health. Some candidates may do both.

Access to safe water has positive effects on a population, not only in relation to nutrition, but also in relation to food production, public health, disease prevention and treatment.

Good answers may evaluate the extent to which the availability of sufficient safe water underpins some of the other factors mentioned, including, for example, indicators. Another approach might be to evaluate the extent to which there are other, possibly better, indicators of health other than safe water, such as such as infant mortality, maternal mortality, the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases, wealth or access to technology.

At band D, expect some description of links are described between safe water and a population’s health.

At band E, expect either greater explanation of how water can affect health or some critical evaluation of the extent to which the statement is true.

At band F, expect both.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.