A beginner participated in a seven-week tennis programme. Each week, they recorded their successful serves out of 50 attempts. Identify the type of learning curve represented by the data.

The diagram shows a field hockey player.

With reference to Newell’s constraints-led approach, explain two reasons for using a smaller field in junior field hockey.

Suggest two task constraints that could be introduced to encourage motivation in junior field hockey training.

positive <acceleration>;

less area to cover during the activity therefore reduce fatigue;

players are closer together therefore this will improve involvement/participation <which leads to increased motivation>;

distance players have to pass/carry will be reduced therefore encourages appropriate technique / reduce power element;

the number of interactions between players better replicates the adult game therefore improves / develops appropriate use of technical/tactical skills / decision making;

modify equipment to make performing the skill easier/increase success <e.g. using smaller/lighter hockey sticks/ using large lighter balls>;

modify goal/objective of task to add challenge/competition, <e.g. objective is to make five successful passes / certain number of passes = points>;

modify the rules to increase challenge/reduce risk, <e.g. can score from anywhere/no hitting>;

modify the rules to reduce playing numbers to increase time/success/touches;

Accept any suitable example.

Max [1] for modifying equipment.

Max [1] for modifying goal of task.

Many candidates attempted this question with success, identifying a positive curve.

Candidates found this type of question challenging. They were asked to apply their knowledge and explain the benefits of an environmental constraint on performance. Candidates were unable to truly explain their points, with many listing the benefits. Candidates provided the full range of responses from the mark scheme.

Candidates appeared to understand the requirements of this question. Although they were only required to suggest two task constraints, many candidates offered two similar suggestions and therefore could only be credited once. The favoured suggestion was to change the equipment, often providing suitable examples.