Distinguish between health-related and performance-related fitness.

Apply two health-related components of fitness to a marathon runner.

Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream during exercise.

Explain the reason for elevated breathing in the first minutes after a swimming sprint.

Outline two types of drag that can occur in swimming.

Suggest how a triathlete (swimming, cycling, running) can overcome drag.

performance-related fitness is based on attributes such as agility/balance/coordination/power/reaction time/speed, whereas health-related fitness is related to body composition/cardio-respiratory fitness (aerobic capacity)/flexibility/muscular endurance/strength ✔

Aerobic capacity:
capacity of the runner to take in, transport and use oxygen system to sustain movement or effort over a period of time ✔

Muscular endurance:
the capacity of legs to repeat movements over a period of time without undue fatigue ✔

Body composition:
a low percentage of fat reduces amount of work required by leg muscles ✔

Flexibility:
can increase stride length ✔

Strength:
enables athlete to maintain speed up hill ✔

Accept other acceptable examples of application to a marathon runner.

there are increasing levels of CO₂ during exercise ✔

diffusion gradient / rate of exchange is increased ✔

gases move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration ✔

CO₂ is carried in the blood as bicarbonate (ions) dissolved in plasma (bound to hemoglobin)
OR
CO₂ is carried in the form of bicarbonate ✔

CO₂ <dissolved in plasma> diffuses from <pulmonary> capillaries into the alveoli and exhaled ✔

(when blood enters the lungs) carbonic acid dissociates into CO₂ and H₂O ✔

CO₂ is released from hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin) in the lungs and into the alveoli and exhaled ✔

the greater the intensity of the exercise, the greater the EPOC ✔

initial stages of exercise, oxygen demand cannot be met by the aerobic system <oxygen deficit>
OR
initial stages are met by anaerobic processes ✔

oxygen deficit is paid back after exercise/oxygen debt ✔

alactic/fast component is replenished with <3–4 litres of> oxygen ✔

ATP and CP/PC stores are replenished ✔

myoglobin oxygen levels are replenished ✔

aerobically metabolize lactic acid ✔

resynthesize lactate to glycogen ✔

replacement of muscle / liver glycogen stores ✔

Surface drag:
<sum of> friction forces between fluid molecules and the object. ✔

as a body moves through a fluid, its outer surface catches a layer of the fluid nearby, slowing it down ✔

this can be minimized by changing the surface to reduce the interaction between surface and fluid ✔

Form drag:
as a body pushes against a fluid, the fluid pushes back (action and reaction) ✔

the greater the surface area the greater the drag ✔

Wave drag:
acts where there is a reaction between two types of fluids ✔

when a body moves along the surface of a fluid, some fluid is displaced to form a wave that can oppose motion ✔

by wearing closer-fitting, smoothing clothing/head gear ✔

through shaving down body hair ✔

swimming underwater as much as possible ✔

swimming in a deck level pool/ using specialized wave limiting lane ropes✔

streamlining their body position ✔

use of drafting behind another swimmer/cyclist ✔

modifications to bicycle to make it more aerodynamic ✔