Describe the endurance element of a general training programme.

The diagram shows an athlete throwing a discus.

Outline how Bernoulli’s principle acts on the discus whilst in flight.

Explain the reason for elevated breathing in the first minutes after a swimming sprint.

Analyse the long-term effect of training on maximal oxygen consumption.

Frequency:
frequency of training can be from 2-7 sessions per week ✔

Intensity:
often working at an intensity of 60–80 % MHR to improve aerobic capacity ✔

interval training can be used working at a higher intensity with medium to long intervals, eg, 75–90 % MHR, 2–1/3–1 work–relief ratio ✔

Time:
training over 20 minutes in a continuous manner ✔

Type:
activities such as running/swimming/cycling/rowing/HIIT ✔

HIIT circuit, including endurance activities in bouts of 30–60s, eg. burpees/spotty dogs/jumping jacks ✔

fartlek training can be used to replicate the change intensities within a team game ✔

Headings are not necessary to obtain the marks.

the discus acts as an aerofoil ✔

the angle of flight of the discus causes air to travel faster over the top ✔

air pressure is lower above the discus ✔

difference in air velocity creates a differential pressure above and below the discus ✔

lift is generated as a result of the pressure gradient ✔

flight of discus becomes horizontal at apex of flight ✔

when the pressure is equal above and below the discus ✔

unbalanced forces acting on the discus <eg, gravity> cause the angle of the discus to change ✔

so, air travels slower on the top, causing a pressure gradient ✔

discus accelerates towards ground ✔

creates an asymmetrical flight path ✔

The greater the intensity of the exercise, the greater the EPOC ✔

initial stages of exercise, oxygen demand cannot be met by the aerobic system <oxygen deficit>
OR
initial stages are met by anaerobic processes ✔

oxygen deficit is paid back after exercise/oxygen debt ✔

alactic/fast component is replenished with <3–4 litres of> oxygen ✔

ATP and CP/PC stores are replenished ✔

myoglobin oxygen levels are replenished ✔

aerobically metabolize lactic acid ✔

resynthesize lactate to glycogen ✔

replacement of muscle / liver glycogen stores ✔

aerobic training is likely to cause a higher VO₂ max than those with no training ✔

anaerobic non-interval training is likely to have little effect on VO₂ max compared to those with no training
OR
high-intensity interval training produces improvements in maximum oxygen consumption ✔

activities where individuals have trained a greater area of muscle mass are likely to have a higher VO₂ max ✔

due to an increase in stroke volume/maximal cardiac output ✔

increased oxygen carrying capacity/hemoglobin content ✔

increased capillary density in muscles ✔

increased mitochondrial density / increased arteriovenous oxygen difference ✔

increased maximal minute ventilation/increased muscular endurance of respiratory muscles ✔

Accept other appropriate physiological adaptations.

Award max [4] if only physiological adaptations given.