Distinguish between the movement permitted in different types of joints.

Describe how cardiovascular drift takes place.

Outline the re-synthesis of ATP by the ATP–CP system.

Using an example, analyse conditions for acceleration.

Using examples from team sports, evaluate the concept of the psychological refractory period (PRP).

Cardiovascular drift is an increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise <despite effort remaining the same>✔

during prolonged exercise there is an increase in core temperature ✔

the rise in core temperature causes redistribution of blood to the periphery in order to cool ✔

the blood volume redistribution causes the heart to work harder in order to maintain muscle blood flow / energy demands✔

blood flow to skin increases and water is lost via sweating ✔

prolonged cooling/sweating causes a decrease in blood volume / increase in viscosity✔

reduction in venous return/stroke volume causes the heart rate to increase to maintain cardiac output ✔

creatine phosphate/CP/PCr is a high-energy molecule/fuel ✔

speed of breakdown is increased by creatine kinase ✔

CP is broken down to provide a phosphate molecule for the re-synthesis of ATP/ energy released is used to add Pi to ADP «endothermic reaction» ✔

reaction is a coupled reaction where one reaction is linked to another reaction ✔

releases energy «exothermic reaction» and phosphate molecule/Pi ✔

1 PC = 1ATP✔

does not require oxygen✔

is the first system to provide ATP / occurs in the first 10–15sec of exercise✔

Accept a reaction equation.

force is proportional to acceleration / F=ma
OR
more force yields greater acceleration ✔

eg kicking harder/application of more force increases the acceleration of a ball ✔

mass is proportional to the force / m = $\frac{F}{a}$
OR
smaller mass yields greater acceleration with application of the same amount of force ✔

eg decreasing the weight of gear in cycling allows for more acceleration when the same force in pedaling is applied ✔

longer application of the same force causes greater acceleration ✔

acceleration occurs in the direction of the force ✔

Accept other valid examples.

Award [3 max] if no example provided

psychological refractory period/PRP is the increase in reaction time to a second stimulus caused when the second stimulus has been delivered while the performer is responding to the first stimulus
OR
it is the time delay in reaction time caused by the arrival of a second stimulus before the first is processed ✔

this is believed to take place due to brain processing information on a single track/using the single channel mechanism ✔

in sports you can use PRP as an advantage by introducing a dummy stimulus before the real movement ✔

strengths:
can be used to help a performer have greater chances of success eg pretending to pass / run one direction then quickly changing to pass / run the other way ✔

provides a performer with a greater range of options in their play ✔

external noise eg other players calling, or crowd noise can enhance the effectiveness of the PRP ✔

the more options that a player has will increase the reaction time to the stimulus <Hick’s law> ✔

limitations:
if a performer uses it too often, they will become predictable and this limits success✔

PRP may be reduced by anticipation / early cue detection / effective coach analysis / practicing «open» skills ✔

anxiety might make the performer get the timing wrong and thus the PRP is not effective ✔

Award [2 max] for an annotated diagram of the single channel hypothesis for mark points 1 and 2.

Award 4 [max] if only strengths or limitations provided

Award [4 max] if no example given

Was a very easy question and generally well done.

There was a good understanding of this concept and the associated triggers and changes which occur.

The level of understanding here was very good with many candidates being aware of the enzyme involved.

Many candidates struggled with this question in understanding exactly what was being asked.

This concept was generally well understood and easily associated to a dummy move.