| Date | May 2019 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 19M.1.SL.TZ0.13 |
| Level | Standard Level | Paper | Paper 1 | Time zone | Time zone 0 |
| Command term | Outline | Question number | 13 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Figure 8(a): Conservation within the Coral Triangle
- The Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF) is an agreement between all six nations in the area with the objectives of:
- ensuring food security and a sustainable livelihood of residents of the Coral Triangle
- protecting the unique ecosystem and marine species within the Coral Triangle.
- Conservation projects in the Coral Triangle involve collaboration between national governments, regional organisations, non-governmental organisations, private companies and local communities.
- Popular approaches to encourage sustainable use of the sea and its resources include creation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and networks of Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs).
- MPAs are usually managed by national and local government whereas LMMAs are more likely to be managed by the local community.
- These designated areas are often classified according to their use or the restrictions placed on them, such as “no-take zones” where no fishing is allowed or “tourism zones” that can be used for recreation but where other activities such as fishing are banned.
- Some zones allow restricted activity, such as use by local fishermen using only traditional fishing methods or during certain times of the year.
- Research has shown that over time in a well-managed MPA there is an increase in fish size, fish numbers and overall biodiversity.
- There are currently over 1000 MPAs within the Coral Triangle.
- The Coral Triangle Initiative aims to designate 20 % of each of the main habitats within the Coral Triangle as MPAs by 2020.
[Source: adapted from www.coraltriangleinitiative.org; http://wwf.panda.org]
With reference to Figure 8(a), outline two advantages of Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) for providing effective conservation of marine systems.
Markscheme
engages the local community that directly impacts the systems / can more effectively raise local awareness/encourage change in behaviour / encourages more people to be involved / provides “ownership” to locals to engender responsibility / managed by communities that cares about the project/want to help;
can be more flexible responding to specific threats/crises/local conditions;
locals are knowledgeable about the area;
can be less bureaucratic / allow for faster response / allows closer monitoring;
will provide more efficient policing / enforce policies in a way that fits the local custom;
Do not accept “no take zones / tourism zones / use of traditional fishing methods / increase in fish size/fish numbers/biodiversity / employment”.
[2 max]
Examiners report
Many candidates incorrectly answered this question often referring to key features of Marine Protected Areas rather than focusing on what is unique to and therefore an advantage of Locally Managed Marine Areas.
