The dashed line represents the variation with incident electromagnetic frequency $f$ of the kinetic energy E_K of the photoelectrons ejected from a metal surface. The metal surface is then replaced with one that requires less energy to remove an electron from the surface.

Which graph of the variation of E_K with $f$ will be observed?

Which graph shows a possible probability density function ${\left|\text{Ψ}\right|}^2=\frac{P\left(r\right)}{\Delta V}$ for a given wave function $\text{Ψ}$ of an electron?

Suggest, with reference to conservation of energy, how the variable voltage source can be used to stop all emitted electrons from reaching the collecting plate.

Light with photons of energy 8.0 × 10⁻²⁰J are incident on a metal surface in a photoelectric experiment.

The work function of the metal surface is 4.8 × 10⁻²⁰J . What minimum voltage is required for the ammeter reading to fall to zero?

A.  0.2 V

B.  0.3 V

C.  0.5 V

D.  0.8 V

A current is observed on the ammeter when violet light illuminates C. With V held constant the current becomes zero when the violet light is replaced by red light of the same intensity. Explain this observation.

Photons of a certain frequency incident on a metal surface cause the emission of electrons from the surface. The intensity of the light is constant and the frequency of photons is increased. What is the effect, if any, on the number of emitted electrons and the energy of emitted electrons?

What can be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron in a particular region of space?

A.  $\frac{\text{Planck's constant}}{4\pi \times \text{uncertainty in energy}}$

B.  $\frac{\text{Planck's constant}}{4\pi \times \text{uncertainty in speed}}$

C.  The magnitude of the wave function

D.  The magnitude of the (wave function)²

The graph shows the variation of photoelectric current I with potential difference V between C and A when violet light of a particular intensity is used.

The intensity of the light source is increased without changing its wavelength.

(i) Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation of I with V for the increased intensity.

(ii) The wavelength of the violet light is 400 nm. Determine, in eV, the work function of caesium.

(iii) V is adjusted to +2.50V. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons just before they reach A.

Samples of different radioactive nuclides have equal numbers of nuclei. Which graph shows the relationship between the half-life $t_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and the activity A for the samples?

Calculate the electron’s orbital radius in (c)(ii).

Two radioactive nuclides, X and Y, have half-lives of 50 s and 100 s respectively. At time t = 0 samples of X and Y contain the same number of nuclei.

What is $\frac{\text{number of nuclei of X undecayed}}{\text{number of nuclei of Y undecayed}}$ when t = 200 s?

A.     4

B.     2

C.     $\frac{1}{2}$

D.     $\frac{1}{4}$

The intensity of the light incident on the surface is reduced by half without changing the wavelength. Draw, on the graph, the variation of the current $I$ with potential $V$ after this change.

A beam of monochromatic radiation is made up of photons each of momentum $p$. The intensity of the beam is doubled without changing frequency. What is the momentum of each photon after the change?

A.  $\frac{p}{2}$

B.  $p$

C.  $2p$

D.  $4p$

State and explain the effect on the maximum photoelectric current as a result of increasing the photon energy in this way.

Show that the wavelength of an electron in the beam is about $3\times {10}^{-15} \mathrm{m}$.

An electron of mass m has an uncertainty in its position r. What is the uncertainty in the speed of this electron?

A. $\frac{h}{4\pi r}$

B. $\frac{hr}{4\pi m}$

C. $\frac{hm}{4\pi r}$

D. $\frac{h}{4\pi mr}$

Show that the energy of photons from the UV lamp is about 10 eV.

The de Broglie wavelength for an electron is given by $\frac{hc}{E}$. Show that the diameter of an oxygen-16 nucleus is about 4 fm.

Show that the de Broglie wavelength $\lambda$ of the electron in the $n=3$ state is  $\lambda =5.1\times {10}^{-10}$ m.

The formula for the de Broglie wavelength of a particle is $\lambda =\frac{h}{mv}$.

A photon has a wavelength $\lambda$. What are the energy and momentum of the photon?

A neutron of mass m is confined within a nucleus of diameter d. Ignoring numerical constants, what is an approximate expression for the kinetic energy of the neutron?

A.  $\frac{h^2}{m{d}^2}$

B.  $\frac{h}{md}$

C.  $\frac{m{h}^2}{d^2}$

D.  $\frac{h}{m^{2}d}$

Estimate for $n=3$, the ratio $\frac{\mathrm{circumference} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{orbit}}{\mathrm{de} \mathrm{Broglie} \mathrm{wavelength} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{electron}}$.

State your answer to one significant figure.

In the Bohr model for hydrogen an electron in the ground state has orbit radius r and speed v. In the first excited state the electron has orbit radius 4r. What is the speed of the electron in the first excited state?

A.  $\frac{v}{2}$

B.  $\frac{v}{4}$

C.  $\frac{v}{8}$

D.  $\frac{v}{16}$

In a photoelectric effect experiment, a beam of light is incident on a metallic surface W in a vacuum.

The graph shows how the current $I$ varies with the potential difference V when three different beams X, Y, and Z are incident on W at different times.

            I.   X and Y have the same frequency.
            II.  Y and Z have different intensity.
            III. Y and Z have the same frequency.

Which statements are correct?

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

A particle of energy $E$ is incident upon a barrier and has a certain probability of quantum tunnelling through the barrier. Assuming $E$ remains constant, which combination of changes in particle mass and barrier length will increase the probability of the particle tunnelling through the barrier?

Calculate, in eV, the work function of the metal surface.

Show that the maximum velocity of the photoelectrons is $700 {\text{km\hspace{0.05em}\hspace{0.05em}s}}^{-1}$.

The variable voltage can be adjusted so that no electrons reach the collecting plate. Write down the minimum value of the voltage for which no electrons reach the collecting plate.

An electron of non-relativistic speed $v$ interacts with an atom. All the energy of the electron is transferred to an emitted photon of frequency $f$ . An electron of speed $2v$ now interacts with the same atom and all its energy is transmitted to a second photon. What is the frequency of the second photon?

A.  $\frac{f}{4}$

B.  $\frac{f}{2}$

C.  $2f$

D.  $4f$

Calculate the wavelength of the light.

Bohr modified the Rutherford model by introducing the condition mvr = n$\frac{h}{2\pi }$. Outline the reason for this modification.

Determine a value for Planck’s constant.

Radiation of photon energy 5.2 x 10^–19 J is now incident on the photocell. Calculate the maximum velocity of the emitted electrons.

Using the answer in (b) and (c)(i), deduce that the radius r of the electron’s orbit in the ground state of hydrogen is given by the following expression.

$$r=\frac{h^2}{4{\pi }^{2}k{m}_{\text{e}}{e}^2}$$

The photoelectrons are emitted from a sodium surface. Sodium has a work function of 2.3 eV.

Calculate the wavelength of the radiation incident on the sodium. State an appropriate unit for your answer.

Photons with energy 1.1 × 10⁻¹⁸J are incident on a third metal surface. The maximum energy of electrons emitted from the surface of the metal is 5.1 × 10⁻¹⁹J.

Calculate, in eV, the work function of the metal.

In a photoelectric experiment a stopping voltage $V$ required to prevent photoelectrons from flowing across the photoelectric cell is measured for light of two frequencies $f_1$ and $f_2$. The results obtained are shown.

The ratio $\frac{V_2-V_1}{f_2-f_1}$ is an estimate of

A.  $e$

B.  $h$

C.  $\frac{e}{h}$

D.  $\frac{h}{e}$