The equation in (b) may be used to predict the pressure of the air at extremely large values of $\frac{1}{H}$. Suggest why this will be an unreliable estimate of the pressure.

Estimate the power input to the heating element. State an appropriate unit for your answer.

State the fundamental SI unit for your answer to (a)(i).

In a different experiment a student investigates the dependence of the period T of a simple pendulum on the amplitude of oscillations θ. The graph shows the variation of $\frac{T}{T_0}$ with θ, where T₀ is the period for small amplitude oscillations.

The period may be considered to be independent of the amplitude θ as long as . Determine the maximum value of θ for which the period is independent of the amplitude.

The intensity of a wave can be defined as the energy per unit area per unit time. What is the unit of intensity expressed in fundamental SI units?

A.  kg m⁻²s⁻¹

B.  kg m²s⁻³

C.  kg s⁻²

D.  kg s⁻³

The graphs show the variation of the displacement y of a medium with distance $x$ and with time t for a travelling wave.

What is the speed of the wave?

A.   0.6 m s^–1

B.   0.8 m s^–1

C.   600 m s^–1

D.   800 m s^–1

A student forms a hypothesis that the period of one oscillation P is given by:

$$P=\frac{K}{\sqrt{B}}$$

where K is a constant.

Determine the value of K using the point for which B = 0.005 T.

State the uncertainty in K to an appropriate number of significant figures. 

Each rod is to have a resistance no greater than 0.10 Ω. Calculate, in m, the minimum radius of each rod. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Explain the disadvantage that a graph of I versus $\frac{1}{x^2}$ has for the analysis in (b)(i) and (b)(ii).

A student models the relationship between the pressure p of a gas and its temperature T as p = $x$ + $y$T.

The units of p are pascal and the units of T are kelvin. What are the fundamental SI units of $x$ and $y$?

This relationship can also be written as follows.

$$\frac{1}{\sqrt{I}}=Kx+KC$$

Show that $K=2\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{P}}$.

The speed of sound c for longitudinal waves in air is given by

$c=\sqrt{\frac{K}{\rho }}$

where ρ is the density of the air and K is a constant.

A student measures f to be 120 Hz when the length of the pipe is 1.4 m. The density of the air in the pipe is 1.3 kg m^–3. Determine the value of K for air. State your answer with the appropriate fundamental (SI) unit.

Each rod is to have a resistance no greater than 0.10 Ω. Calculate, in m, the minimum radius of each rod. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Determine P, to the correct number of significant figures including its unit.

A student suggests that to get a more accurate value of L_v the experiment should be performed twice using different heating rates. With voltage and current V₁, I₁ the mass of water that vaporized in time t is m₁. With voltage and current V₂, I₂ the mass of water that vaporized in time t is m₂. The student now uses the expression

$$L_v=\frac{\left(V_1{I}_1-V_2{I}_2\right)t}{m_1-m_2}$$

to calculate L_v. Suggest, by reference to heat losses, why this is an improvement.

The experiment is repeated using a different gas in the glass jar. The pressure for both experiments is low and both gases can be considered to be ideal.

(i) Using the axes provided in (a), draw the expected graph for this second experiment.

(ii) Explain the shape and intercept of the graph you drew in (b)(i).

Determine the fundamental SI unit for k.

State the fundamental SI unit of the constant a and of the constant b.

The following graph of p versus $\frac{1}{H}$ was obtained. Error bars were negligibly small.

The equation of the line of best fit is $p=a+\frac{b}{H}$.

Determine the value of b including an appropriate unit.

Estimate C.

Estimate, using the result in (a)(iii), the volume of a tin-118 $\left({}_{50}{}^{118}\text{Sn}\right)$ nucleus. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Identify the fundamental units of $\gamma$.

Estimate the specific heat capacity of the oil in its liquid phase. State an appropriate unit for your answer.

The speed of sound c for longitudinal waves in air is given by

$c=\sqrt{\frac{K}{\rho }}$

where ρ is the density of the air and K is a constant.

A student measures f to be 120 Hz when the length of the pipe is 1.4 m. The density of the air in the pipe is 1.3 kg m^–3. Determine, in kg m^–1 s^–2, the value of K for air.

The charge per unit area on the surface of the wall is σ. It can be shown that the electric field strength E due to the charge on the wall is given by the equation

$E=\frac{\sigma }{2{\epsilon }_0}$.

Demonstrate that the units of the quantities in this equation are consistent.

Calculate, for the surface of $\text{Io}$, the gravitational field strength g_Io due to the mass of $\text{Io}$. State an appropriate unit for your answer.

Suggest why the student’s data supports the theoretical prediction.

The centre of the ball, still carrying a charge of $1.2\times {10}^{-6} \text{C}$, is now placed $0.40 \text{m}$ from a point charge Q. The charge on the ball acts as a point charge at the centre of the ball.

P is the point on the line joining the charges where the electric field strength is zero.
The distance PQ is $0.22 \text{m}$.

Calculate the charge on Q. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

Estimate the resistivity of the material of the wire. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

The charge per unit area on the surface of the wall is σ. It can be shown that the electric field strength E due to the charge on the wall is given by the equation

$E=\frac{\sigma }{2{\epsilon }_0}$.

Demonstrate that the units of the quantities in this equation are consistent.

The player kicks the ball again. It rolls along the ground without sliding with a horizontal velocity of $1.40 {\text{m\hspace{0.05em}s}}^{-1}$. The radius of the ball is $0.11 \text{m}$. Calculate the angular velocity of the ball. State an appropriate SI unit for your answer.

Player B intercepts the ball when it is at its peak height. Player B holds a paddle (racket) stationary and vertical. The ball is in contact with the paddle for 0.010 s. Assume the collision is elastic.

Calculate the average force exerted by the ball on the paddle. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

An object has a weight of 6.10 × 10² N. What is the change in gravitational potential energy of the object when it moves through 8.0 m vertically?

A. 5 kJ

B. 4.9 kJ

C. 4.88 kJ

D. 4.880 kJ

The radius of the pulley is 2.5 cm. Calculate the angular speed of rotation of the pulley as the load hits the floor. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.