The production of HDPE involves the use of homogeneous catalysts. Outline how homogeneous catalysts reduce the activation energy of reactions.

Catalysts reduce the activation energy. Outline how homogeneous catalysts are involved in the reaction mechanism.

Suggest why it is important to know how catalysts function.

Explain the action of metals as heterogeneous catalysts.

Describe how a heterogeneous catalyst provides an alternative pathway for a reaction.

Catalysts can take many forms and are used in many industrial processes.

Suggest two reasons why it might be worth using a more expensive catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction.

Nanocatalysts play an essential role in the manufacture of industrial chemicals.

(i) Describe the high pressure carbon monoxide (HIPCO) method for the production of carbon nanotubes.

(ii) Outline one benefit of using nanocatalysts compared to traditional catalysts in industry.

Outline two differences between heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts.

In a catalytic converter, carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide. Outline the process for this conversion referring to the metal used.

Outline two differences between heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts.

Vanadium(V) oxide is used as the catalyst in the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.

SO₂(g) + V₂O₅(s) → SO₃(g) + 2VO₂(s)

$\frac{1}{2}$O₂(g) + 2VO₂(s) → V₂O₅(s)

Outline how vanadium(V) oxide acts as a catalyst.

Explain the action of metals as heterogeneous catalysts.