Calculate the specific energy of hydrogen, stating its units. Refer to sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet.

State one advantage and one disadvantage for each energy source in the table.

Outline why the energy available from an engine will be less than these theoretical values.

Calculate the thermal efficiency of a steam turbine supplied with steam at 540°C and using a river as the choice of sink at 23 °C.

Determine the specific energy, in kJ$$g⁻¹, and energy density, in kJ$$cm⁻³, of a particular biodiesel using the following data and section 1 of the data booklet.

Density = 0.850 g$$cm⁻³; Molar mass = 299 g$$mol⁻¹;

Enthalpy of combustion = 12.0 MJ$$mol⁻¹.

Calculate the maximum electric energy output, in MJ, which can be obtained from burning 1.00 kg of methane by using your answer from (a).

Power plants generating electricity by burning coal to boil water operate at approximately 35% efficiency.

State what this means and suggest why it is lower than the thermal efficiency.

The regular rise and fall of sea levels, known as tides, can be used to generate energy.

State one advantage, other than limiting greenhouse gas emissions, and one disadvantage of tidal power.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Calculate the maximum electric energy output, in MJ, which can be obtained from burning 1.00 kg of methane by using your answer from (a).

Calculate the specific energy of methane, in MJ kg⁻¹, using sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet.

Hydroelectric power plants produced 16 % of the world’s energy in 2015, down from 21 % in 1971.

Suggest why hydroelectric power production has a higher efficiency than the other sources given in (b) and why its relative use has decreased despite the high efficiency.

Reason for higher efficiency:

Reason for decreased use:

Calculate the specific energy of octane, C₈H₁₈, in kJ kg^–1 using sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet.

Outline two reasons why oil is one of the world’s significant energy sources.

Explain, in terms of the molecular structure, the critical difference in properties that makes biodiesel a more suitable liquid fuel than vegetable oil.

Determine the specific energy, in kJ g⁻¹, and energy density, in kJ cm⁻³, of hexane, C₆H₁₄. Give both answers to three significant figures.

Hexane: M_r = 86.2; ΔH_c = −4163 kJ mol⁻¹; density = 0.660 g cm⁻³

Specific energy:

Energy density:

In a natural gas power station, 1.00 tonne of natural gas produces 2.41 × 10⁴ MJ of electricity.

Calculate the percentage efficiency of the power station.

1 tonne = 1000 kg
Specific energy of natural gas used = 55.4 MJ kg⁻¹

A typical wood has a specific energy of 17 × 10³ kJ kg^–1. Comment on the usefulness of octane and wood for powering a moving vehicle, using your answer to (a).

If you did not work out an answer for (a), use 45 × 10³ kJ kg^–1 but this is not the correct answer.

State the name of one renewable source of energy other than wood.

Comment on the specific energies of hydrogen and methane.

The regular rise and fall of sea levels, known as tides, can be used to generate energy.

State one advantage, other than limiting greenhouse gas emissions, and one disadvantage of tidal power.

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Calculate the specific energy of methane, in MJ kg⁻¹, using sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet.

Hydroelectric power plants produced 16% of the world’s energy in 2015, down from 21% in 1971.

Suggest why hydroelectric power production has a higher efficiency than the other sources given in (b) and why its relative use has decreased despite the high efficiency.

Reason for higher efficiency:

Reason for decreased use:

Discuss the data.

(i) Calculate the specific energy of the lithium ion battery, in MJ kg⁻¹, when 80.0 kg of fuel in the battery releases 1.58 × 10⁷ J. Use section 1 of the data booklet.

(ii) The specific energy of gasoline is 46.0 MJ kg⁻¹. Suggest why gasoline may be considered a better energy source than the lithium ion battery based on your answer to part (a) (i).

Determine the specific energy and energy density of petrol (gasoline), using data from sections 1 and 13 of the data booklet. Assume petrol is pure octane, C₈H₁₈. Octane: molar mass = 114.26 g mol⁻¹, density = 0.703 g cm⁻³.

Discuss the data.

Hydrogen has a higher specific energy than petrol (gasoline) but is not used as a primary fuel source in cars. Discuss the disadvantages of using hydrogen.

Calculate the specific energy, in kJ g⁻¹, of methane.

(i) The energy density of gasoline is 34.3 MJ dm⁻³. Calculate the volume of gasoline, in dm³, that is equivalent to the energy in 80.0 kg of fuel in the lithium ion battery. Use section 1 of the data booklet.

(ii) The efficiency of energy transfer by this lithium ion battery is four times greater than that of gasoline. Determine the distance, in km, the car can travel on the lithium ion battery power alone if the gasoline-powered car uses 1.00 dm³ gasoline to travel 32.0 km.

Comment on the specific energies of hydrogen and methane.

Calculate the energy released, in $\mathrm{kJ}$, from the complete combustion of $5.00 {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ of ethanol.

Calculate the energy released, in $\mathrm{kJ}$, from the complete combustion of $5.00 {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ of ethanol.