Outline the formation of polyethene from ethene by drawing three repeating units of the polymer.

State the characteristic reaction mechanism of benzene.

Deduce what would be observed when Compound B is warmed with acidified aqueous potassium dichromate (VI).

Which reagents and conditions are best for converting propan-1-ol into propanoic acid?

A.  Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

B.  Reflux with aqueous sodium hydroxide

C.  Distil with acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

D.  Distil with aqueous sodium hydroxide

Deduce what would be observed when Compound B is warmed with acidified aqueous potassium dichromate (VI).

Which reagents and conditions are best for converting propan-1-ol into propanoic acid?

A.  Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

B.  Reflux with LiAlH₄

C.  Distil with acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

D.  Distil with LiAlH₄

Write an equation for the complete combustion of the organic product in (b).

Suggest, giving one reason, whether this is an addition or condensation reaction.

The aldehyde can be further oxidized to a carboxylic acid.

Outline how the experimental procedures differ for the synthesis of the aldehyde and the carboxylic acid.

Which reaction involves homolytic fission?

A.  CH₄ + Cl₂

B.  CH₃Br + NaOH

C.  (CH₃)₃CBr + NaOH

D.  C₆H₆ + HNO₃ + H₂SO₄

Write the equation for the reaction between but-2-ene and hydrogen bromide.

State the type of reaction.

Chloroethene, C₂H₃Cl, can undergo polymerization. Draw a section of the polymer with three repeating units.

The overall equation for monochlorination of methane is:

CH₄(g) + Cl₂(g) → CH₃Cl(g) + HCl(g)

Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, ΔH ^θ, using section 12 of the data booklet.

What must be present on a nucleophile?

A. Negative charge

B. Lone pair of electrons

C. Positive charge

D. Symmetrical distribution of electrons

Which alcohol would produce a carboxylic acid when heated with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)?

A. propan-2-ol

B. butan-1-ol

C. 2-methylpropan-2-ol

D. pentan-3-ol

Outline the formation of polyethene from ethene by drawing three repeating units of the polymer.

State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with chlorine to produce chloroethane.

Ethyne, like ethene, undergoes hydrogenation to form ethane. State the conditions required.

Write the equation for the reaction between but-2-ene and hydrogen bromide.

Which compounds react to form CH₃CH₂CH₂COOCH(CH₃)₂?

A.   propanoic acid and propan-2-ol

B.   propanoic acid and butan-2-ol

C.   butanoic acid and propan-1-ol

D.   butanoic acid and propan-2-ol

State a suitable oxidizing agent for the oxidation of propan-2-ol in an acidified aqueous solution.

Deduce the product of the oxidation of propan-2-ol with the oxidizing agent in (d)(i).

Identify the initiation step of the reaction and its conditions.

Deduce the repeating unit of the polymer and the other product of the reaction.

Formulate the ionic equation for the oxidation of propan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde by acidified dichromate(VI) ions. Use section 24 of the data booklet.

Write an equation for the reaction of C₂H₅Cl with aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce a C₂H₆O compound, showing structural formulas.

Which alcohol would produce a carboxylic acid when heated with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)?

A. propan-2-ol

B. butan-1-ol

C. 2-methylpropan-2-ol

D. pentan-3-ol

Both propane and propene react with bromine.

(i) State an equation and the condition required for the reaction of 1 mol of propane with 1 mol of bromine.

(ii) State an equation for the reaction of 1 mol of propene with 1 mol of bromine.

(iii) State the type of each reaction with bromine.

Propane:

Propene:

Ethane-1,2-diol can be oxidized first to ethanedioic acid, (COOH)₂, and then to carbon dioxide and water. Suggest the reagents to oxidize ethane-1,2-diol.

Which compounds cause the colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution to change from purple to colourless?

I.    CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH

II.   (CH₃)₃CCH₂OH

III.  CH₃CH₂CH(OH)CH₃

A.   I and II only

B.   I and III only

C.   II and III only

D.   I, II and III

State the name of product B, applying IUPAC rules.

Methane reacts with chlorine in sunlight.

CH₄ (g) + Cl₂ (g) → CH₃Cl (g) + HCl (g)

Which type of reaction occurs?

A. free-radical substitution

B. electrophilic substitution

C. nucleophilic substitution

D. electrophilic addition

State the organic product of the reaction between 1-chlorobutane, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Cl, and aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Write an equation for the complete combustion of ethyne.

Which structure represents a repeating unit of a polymer formed from propene?

A.  –CH₂–CH(CH₃)–

B.  –CH₂–CH₂–CH₂–

C.  –CH(CH₃)–CH(CH₃)–

D.  –CH₂–CH₂–

Deduce the type of chemical reaction and the reagents used to distinguish between these compounds.

Which monomer is used to form the polymer with the following repeating unit?

A. CH₃CH=CHCH₃ 

B. CH₃CH₂CH=CH₂ 

C. CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃ 

D. (CH₃)₂C=CH₂

1,4-dimethylbenzene reacts as a substituted alkane. Draw the structures of the two products of the overall reaction when one molecule of bromine reacts with one molecule of 1,4-dimethylbenzene.

Which compound can be oxidized when heated with an acidified solution of potassium dichromate(VI)?

A. CH₃C(O)CH₂CH₃

B. CH₃CH₂CH(OH)CH₃

C. (CH₃)₃COH

D. CH₃(CH₂)₂COOH

Explain, with the help of equations, the mechanism of the free-radical substitution reaction of ethane with bromine in presence of sunlight.

Identify the initiation step of the reaction and its conditions.

Write an equation for the complete combustion of the compound C₃H₈O formed in (a)(iv).

Deduce the structural formula of the main organic product when hex-1-ene reacts with hydrogen bromide.

Draw the structure of the monomers of Kevlar^® if the by-product of the condensation polymerization is hydrogen chloride.

Write the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

State the typical reactions that benzene and cyclohexene undergo with bromine.

Discuss the physical evidence for the structure of benzene.

Ethyne reacts with chlorine in a similar way to ethene. Formulate equations for the following reactions.

Ethyne, like ethene, undergoes hydrogenation to form ethane. State the conditions required.

Methane reacts with chlorine in sunlight.

CH₄ (g) + Cl₂ (g) → CH₃Cl (g) + HCl (g)

Which type of reaction occurs?

A. free-radical substitution

B. electrophilic substitution

C. nucleophilic substitution

D. electrophilic addition

Bromine was added to hexane, hex-1-ene and benzene. Identify the compound(s) which will react with bromine in a well-lit laboratory.

Write an equation for the complete combustion of ethyne.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a polymer with the following structure.

State the structural formula for the monomer of PVC.

Ethane, C₂H₆, reacts with chlorine in sunlight. State the type of this reaction and the name of the mechanism by which it occurs.

Bromine was added to hexane, hex-1-ene and benzene. Identify the compound(s) which will react with bromine in a well-lit laboratory.

State the reagents for the conversion of the compound C₃H₈O formed in (a)(iv) into C₃H₆O.

Draw the repeating unit of polyphenylethene.

Identify one organic functional group that can react with acidified K₂Cr₂O₇(aq).

Product A contains a carbon–carbon double bond. State the type of reactions that compounds containing this bond are likely to undergo.

Formulate the equation for the complete combustion of benzoic acid in oxygen using only integer coefficients.

State the reagents and conditions for the conversion of the compound C₂H₆O, produced in (b), into C₂H₄O.

1,4-dimethylbenzene reacts as a substituted alkane. Draw the structures of the two products of the overall reaction when one molecule of bromine reacts with one molecule of 1,4-dimethylbenzene.

Explain how redox chemistry is used to measure the ethanol concentration in a breathalyser.

Which monomer would produce the polymer shown?

A.  ${\text{CF}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CCl}}_{\text{2}}\text{F}$

B.  ${\text{CF}}_{\text{3}}\text{CClHF}$

C.  ${\text{CF}}_{\text{2}}\text{CClF}$

D.  ${\text{CF}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CF}}_{\text{2}}$

Which monomer forms the polymer shown?

A.  ${\text{CH(Cl)=CH(CH}}_{\text{3}}\text{)}$

B.  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{=C(Cl)CH}}_{\text{3}}$

C.  ${\text{(CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}\text{CHCl}$

D.  ${\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}\text{=CHCl}$

Formulate the equation for the complete combustion of benzoic acid in oxygen using only integer coefficients.

Suggest the reagents and conditions required to ensure a good yield of product B.

Reagents: 

Conditions:

Write the equation for the reaction of chloroethane with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.

Which can be reduced to a secondary alcohol?

A.  C₂H₅COOH

B.  CH₃CH₂OCH₃

C.  (CH₃)₂CHCHO

D.  CH₃COC₂H₅

Formulate equations for the two propagation steps and one termination step in the formation of chloroethane from ethane.

State the observation expected for each reaction giving your reasons.

Several compounds can be synthesized from but-2-ene. Draw the structure of the final product for each of the following chemical reactions.

Oxidation of ethanol with potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇, can form two different organic products. Determine the names of the organic products and the methods used to isolate them.

Several compounds can be synthesized from but-2-ene. Draw the structure of the final product for each of the following chemical reactions.

Write the equation and name the organic product when ethanol reacts with methanoic acid.

Oxidation of ethanol with potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇, can form two different organic products. Determine the names of the organic products and the methods used to isolate them.

Using relevant equations, show the initiation and the propagation steps for this reaction.

Deduce the nucleophile for the reaction in d(iii).

State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with chlorine to produce chloroethane.

Predict, giving a reason, whether ethane or chloroethane is more reactive.

Predict, giving a reason, whether ethane or chloroethane is more reactive.

Describe a test and the expected result to indicate the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds.

Describe a test and the expected result to indicate the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds.

Which is a propagation step in the free-radical substitution mechanism of ethane with chlorine?

A.  C$\text{l}$₂ → 2 •C$\text{l}$

B.  •C₂H₅ + C$\text{l}$₂ → C₂H₅C$\text{l}$ + •C$\text{l}$

C.  •C₂H₅ + •C$\text{l}$ → C₂H₅C$\text{l}$

D.  C₂H₆ + •C$\text{l}$ → C₂H₅C$\text{l}$ + •H

Which molecule can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid by acidified potassium dichromate(VI)?

A.  Propan-1-ol

B.  Propan-2-ol

C.  2-methylpropan-2-ol

D.  Propanone

Which combination best describes what is happening to chloromethane, CH₃Cl, in the equation below?

CH₃Cl (g) + H₂(g) $\rightleftharpoons$ CH₄(g) + HCl (g)

A.  Oxidation and addition

B.  Oxidation and substitution

C.  Reduction and addition

D.  Reduction and substitution