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Syllabus

8.2 Cell respiration

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Additional higher level » Topic 8: Metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis » 8.2 Cell respiration

Description

Nature of science:
Paradigm shift—the chemiosmotic theory led to a paradigm shift in the field of bioenergetics. (2.3)

Understandings:

Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers.
Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable.
In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen.
In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized, and converted into acetyl compound and attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A in the link reaction.
In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction of hydrogen carriers, liberating carbon dioxide.
Energy released by oxidation reactions is carried to the cristae of the mitochondria by reduced NAD and FAD.
Transfer of electrons between carriers in the electron transport chain in the membrane of the cristae is coupled to proton pumping.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
In chemiosmosis protons diffuse through ATP synthase to generate ATP.
Oxygen is needed to bind with the free protons to maintain the hydrogen gradient, resulting in the formation of water.
The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted to the function it performs.

Applications and skills:

Application: Electron tomography used to produce images of active mitochondria.
Skill: Analysis of diagrams of the pathways of aerobic respiration to deduce where decarboxylation and oxidation reactions occur.
Skill: Annotation of a diagram of a mitochondrion to indicate the adaptations to its function.

Guidance:

The names of the intermediate compounds in gylcolysis and the Krebs cycle are not required.

Theory of knowledge:

Peter Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory encountered years of opposition before it was finally accepted. For what reasons does falsification not always result in an immediate acceptance of new theories or a paradigm shift?

Utilization:
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Biology
Topic 2.8 Cell respiration
Chemistry
Topic 9.1 Oxidation and reduction

Directly related questions

22M.1.HL.TZ1.30: Where in the mitochondrion does the formation of acetyl CoA occur?
18N.1.HL.TZ0.31: Which is a reduction reaction? A. ATP changing to ADP B. Maltose changing to glucose C. FAD...
18M.2.HL.TZ1.5c: Using the table, distinguish between the production of ATP, use of oxygen and release of CO2 in...
19M.2.HL.TZ1.7a: Outline the roles of helicase and ligase in DNA replication.
16N.3.SL.TZ0.9a: Outline how a gene gun inserts genes into plants.
17M.2.HL.TZ1.5a: Explain how chemical energy for use in the cell is generated by electron transport and chemiosmosis.
20N.2.HL.TZ0.3b: Explain how ATP is generated in mitochondria by chemiosmosis.
17N.1.HL.TZ0.29: Which reaction does not cause a net release of energy? A. ADP combines with inorganic phosphate...
17N.1.HL.TZ0.31:
The image shows a portion of a cell containing a mitochondrion.

[Source: ‘TEM of a mitochondrion’ by Prof. R. Bellairs. Credit: Prof. R. Bellairs. CC BY 4.0.]

Where do glycolysis and electron transport occur?
18N.1.HL.TZ0.29: What term is used for ATP synthesis coupled to electron transport and proton movement? A. ...
18M.2.HL.TZ1.5b:
Compare and contrast the location of ATP synthase and the movement of protons during aerobic cell respiration and photosynthesis.
19M.1.HL.TZ1.31: Which process is common to photosynthesis and cell respiration? A. Photolysis B. The Calvin...
17M.2.HL.TZ2.2b.i: Describe its location.
17M.2.HL.TZ2.2b.ii: Describe its function.
21M.1.SL.TZ2.30: What is a similarity between the testes of males and the ovaries of females in humans? A. They...
21N.1.HL.TZ1.30: Where are protons pumped, to allow chemiosmosis in aerobic respiration to occur? A. From outside...
17M.1.SL.TZ1.1: Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane? A. Nucleus B. Lysosome C....
17M.1.HL.TZ2.14: This reaction occurs in mitochondria. What explains that this reaction enables energy to be...
20N.1.HL.TZ0.31: Two reactions of the Krebs cycle are shown. What type of reactions are isocitrate and...
21M.1.HL.TZ1.29:
Which equation is an example of decarboxylation?

A. Pyruvate $\to$ Acetyl CoA + CO₂

B. CO₂ + H₂O H₂CO₃

C. CH₄ + 2O₂ CO₂ + 2H₂O

D.
22M.1.HL.TZ2.31: Photolysis and carboxylation of RuBP occur during photosynthesis. Where in the chloroplast do...
22M.1.HL.TZ2.30: The mitochondrion in the electron micrograph shows some features that make it efficient for its...
22M.2.HL.TZ1.7c:
Explain the role of the electron transport chain in the generation of ATP by cell respiration.
19M.1.HL.TZ2.15:
The diagram shows compounds in the Krebs cycle labelled as X, Y and Z.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

How many carbon atoms are there in Y and in the acetyl group of acetyl CoA?
17M.1.HL.TZ1.29: The diagram shows a mitochondrion. Which letter indicates the structure where ATP synthase is...
21M.1.HL.TZ1.31: What does electron tomography allow mitochondria researchers to do? A. To produce images of...
21M.1.HL.TZ2.30: What molecule functions as the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport...
18N.2.HL.TZ0.6b:
Describe the role of oxygen in aerobic cell respiration.
18M.1.HL.TZ1.30: What happens when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA in the link reaction? A....
19M.1.HL.TZ1.30:
The electron micrograph shows a section through part of an animal cell.

[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion#/media/File:Mitochondria,mammalian_lung_-TEM.jpg,
by Louisa Howard.]

Which process is occurring on the structures labelled X?

A. The Krebs cycle

B. The link reaction

C. Glycolysis

D. Phosphorylation of ADP
19N.1.HL.TZ0.30:
The diagram shows the link reaction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which type of reaction is occurring?

A. Pyruvate is carboxylated.

B. CO2 is oxidized.

C. NAD+ is reduced.

D. Pyruvate is phosphorylated.
16N.1.HL.TZ0.30: Which process requires oxygen in aerobic cell respiration? A. Oxidation of triose phosphateB....
21M.1.SL.TZ2.29: What is the function of the hormone leptin? A. Increase the uptake of glucose from the blood B....
18N.1.HL.TZ0.10: What are final products of photosynthesis and of aerobic respiration?
18M.1.HL.TZ2.14: The following processes occur in aerobic cell respiration. I. Decarboxylation of pyruvate II....
21M.2.HL.TZ1.2b:
Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts in terms of the substrates they use and the products they produce.
18M.2.HL.TZ2.6a: Explain the stages of aerobic respiration that occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotes.
19N.1.HL.TZ0.31:
Which structure in the chloroplast diagram is adapted to carry out chemiosmosis?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

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DP Biology Questionbank

8.2 Cell respiration

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