DP Biology Questionbank
Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity
Description
Overview of the essential ideas for this topic.
5.1: There is overwhelming evidence for the evolution of life on Earth.
5.2: The diversity of life has evolved and continues to evolve by natural selection.
5.3: Species are named and classified using an internationally agreed system.
5.4: The ancestry of groups of species can be deduced by comparing their base or amino acid sequences.
Directly related questions
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Below is a phylogenetic tree of the three domains. There are important differences between the...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.21: What is a direct consequence of the overproduction of offspring? A. Individuals become more...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.22: The diagram represents a cladogram of the family Procyonidae. What would justify classifying...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.i: State the organism most closely related to the lizards.
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4b.i: Molecular evidence is often used to construct a cladogram. Describe one type of molecular-based...
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.20: What process best explains the formation of different pentadactyl limbs? A. Adaptive...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.24: A dichotomous key can be used to distinguish four types of plant. Which of the plants could be a...
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21M.1.SL.TZ2.22:
The images show a structure found on members of a phylum of green plants.
[Source: left: Pratheep P S, www.pratheep.com (CC BY-SA 3.0) https://creativecommons.org right: Curtis Clark (CC BY-SA 3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.]
What is the name of the phylum to which the organisms belong?
A. Coniferophyta
B. Angiospermophyta
C. Filicinophyta
D. Bryophyta
- 21M.2.SL.TZ1.5a.i: Based on their structure, the insect and bat wings are analogous. Outline what is meant by an...
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21N.1.HL.TZ1.18:
To which phylum does the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus belong?
[Source: Casselmann, H., 2011. Lumbricus rubellus HC1. [image online] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Lumbricus_rubellus_HC1.jpg (CC BY-SA 3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en [Accessed 23 March 2020].]A. Annelida
B. Cnidaria
C. Platyhelmintha
D. Arthropoda
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22M.2.SL.TZ2.7b:
Explain how natural selection can cause traits such as drought resistance to develop in wild plants.
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22M.1.SL.TZ1.21:
The graph shows the proportion of a bacterial population of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, displaying resistance to the antibiotic tetracycline.
[Source: © All rights reserved. Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System Report, 2016. Public Health Agency of Canada. Adapted and reproduced with permission from the Minister of Health, 2022.]
What can be deduced from this graph?
A. Bacteria with beneficial adaptations survive and pass on their genes.
B. Immunity to tetracycline is triggered by over-use of the antibiotic.
C. Genetic variation in this bacterial population is increasing.
D. Use of tetracycline inhibits the growth of antibiotic-resistant N. gonorrhoeae.
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18M.2.SL.TZ2.6b:
Describe the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.28: Which is the hierarchy of taxa in order of increasing numbers of species? A. genus, family,...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1d: Using the life cycle diagram and the graph for the year 2000, analyse the distribution of adult...
- 16N.1.SL.TZ0.20: Which evidence for evolution do the common features in the bone structure of vertebrate limbs...
- 16N.1.SL.TZ0.21: What is the major contributor to the increase in antibiotic resistance in bacteria? A. Sexual...
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16N.2.SL.TZ0.5a:
Living organisms have been placed in three domains: archaea, eubacteria and eukaryote. Distinguish archaea from eubacteria.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.23: Which is a characteristic of both bryophyta and filicinophyta? A. Vascular tissue B. Membranous...
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17M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.ii:
Based on the taxa shown, deduce a difficulty in gathering data to study turtle ancestry.
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.21: What would restrict evolution by natural selection, if a species only reproduced by cloning? A....
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.22: Which of the organisms A–D, identified by the key, represents a reptile?
- 18N.2.HL.TZ0.7b: Outline the causes of variation in one example of continuous variation in humans.
- 18N.2.HL.TZ0.7c: Explain how evolution occurs and which factors can cause the process to be rapid.
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.i: State one reason that viruses are not classified as living organisms.
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18M.1.HL.TZ2.28:
Prickly pear cactus plants are well adapted to desert conditions. The stems are the flattened structures visible in the image and the leaves are reduced to spines. The white spots in the image are groups of spines.
[Source: Stan Shebs/Wikimedia. File licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)]
Which characteristic describes the advantage of one of their adaptations?
A. Leaves are reduced to spines to lose less carbon dioxide.
B. Spines increase surface area for more photosynthesis.
C. Stems are flattened to allow more water to be stored between periods of rain.
D. Waxy cuticle on the stems is very thin to allow rapid absorption of rain.
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18M.2.HL.TZ1.2a:
State two features that are found only in mammals.
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.ii: State the plant phylum which is characterised by the absence of vascular tissue.
- 19M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Which is an example of natural selection? A. A giraffe stretching its neck to reach higher...
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.21: If seeds of an unknown species of plant are discovered, what assumption can be made about the...
- 19N.1.SL.TZ0.22: An organism has the following characteristics: single opening for ingestion and...
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16N.2.SL.TZ0.5b:
List two types of evidence used to determine which species belong in the same clade.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 17M.3.HL.TZ1.9b: Explain what the branching off points represent in the cladogram of these fungi.
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.21: What causes variation within a population? A. Fertilization and change in the environment B....
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.23: The table shows the number of differences between humans and other selected organisms for the...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Which process results in decreased variation? A. Meiosis B. Mutation C. Sexual...
- 21M.2.HL.TZ2.3c: State the genus of the broad bean.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.20: Mammals, birds and reptiles have an embryonic tail that may disappear during development. What...
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22M.1.SL.TZ1.23:
Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (–) of five traits in several different species are shown in the table.
Which cladogram best represents the relationship between the five species?
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18M.2.SL.TZ1.1e:
Discuss whether there is evidence in the data that colour plays a role in the survival of the snails.
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18M.2.HL.TZ1.2b:
Birds, bats and humans are all vertebrates with pentadactyl limbs. Birds and bats use their forelimbs to fly whereas humans can use them to lift and manipulate objects. Outline how the bird, bat and human forelimb can be used to illustrate the concept of homologous structures.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.4b: Some plant families, such as the figwort family, have been reclassified on the basis of evidence...
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19N.1.SL.TZ0.23:
Which organism is a member of the filicinophyta? (Note that these are not to scale)
[Source: A: Sanjay ach/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
B: Vaelta/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
C: Andrey Zharkikh/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en
D: courtesy of Caroline Needham] -
19N.1.SL.TZ0.21:
Which pentadactyl limb is adapted for flight?
[Source: adapted from Volkov Vladislav Petrovich, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)#/media/File:Homology_
vertebrates-en.svg and Zebra.element, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bat_mouse_forelimbs.png] - 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1e: Evaluate the effect of the change in distribution of the different life stages of ticks on the...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.3a: Describe what is shown in a cladogram.
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16N.1.SL.TZ0.19:
Lichens are returning to the forests of the industrial areas of the United Kingdom due to strict pollution control.
What is the expected outcome in the population of peppered moths (Biston betularia)?
A. Increased numbers of light-coloured peppered moths
B. Increased industrial melanism in peppered moths
C. Increased predation of peppered moths
D. Increased speciation of peppered moths - 17M.1.SL.TZ1.20: A bacterial population with no resistance to an antibiotic may develop into a bacterial...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.18: An animal shows radial symmetry, has only one opening leading to a digestive cavity and is soft...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.25: The graph shows the song duration of birds from the genus Phylloscopus sampled from west to east...
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17M.2.SL.TZ1.4c:
Taxonomists aim to place species into genera, families and higher taxa according to their evolutionary origins. This is known as natural classification.
Explain the usefulness of natural classification in biodiversity research.
- 20N.2.SL.TZ0.2a.ii: State the domain in which it is classified.
- 20N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.ii: Explain how evolution by natural selection depends on mutations.
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17N.1.SL.TZ0.20:
Which of these structures is not homologous?
[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy#/media/File:Homology_vertebrates-en.svg and
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Insect_leg_scheme.svg] -
17N.2.SL.TZ0.04a.ii:
State two characteristics of plants from the phylum you stated in (a)(i).
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21M.1.SL.TZ1.25:
On the islands of the St Kilda chain, off the coast of Scotland, there are small birds called St Kilda wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes hirtensis). They look similar to wrens on the mainland of Scotland (Troglodytes troglodytes indigenus), but they are larger and there are differences in the colour of their feathers.
What is the most likely explanation for these differences?
A. Convergent evolution
B. Stabilizing natural selection
C. Gradual divergence
D. Exposure to similar selection pressure
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.23: What information can be deduced from the sequence of nodes in a cladogram? A. The geological...
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21M.2.SL.TZ1.5b:
Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.
-
21M.2.SL.TZ2.6c:
Describe the risk to the human population of indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
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21N.2.SL.TZ0.3d:
All of the leaves in the image are from Solanum, a wild genus of tomato.
[Source: Courtesy: National Science Foundation, Credit Leonie Moyle.]
State one cause of variation in a plant such as the tomato.
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22M.2.SL.TZ1.7c:
Explain the development of antibiotic resistance in terms of natural selection.
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.26: Which of the adaptations of flowers would be most successful for the survival of a species? A....
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18M.1.SL.TZ1.23:
The cladogram was constructed using DNA base sequences from six species. Which node indicates the greatest difference in base sequences?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.21: What reduces variation in a population? A. Meiosis B. Mutation C. Natural selection D. Sexual...
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18M.2.HL.TZ1.3a.i:
C. nemoralis is a mollusc. Identify two external features that distinguish this snail from an arthropod.
-
19M.1.SL.TZ1.22:
The image shows an organism belonging to the Kingdom Animalia.
[Source: Titan beetle male. Locality: “RK4,5 route Cacao”, French Guiana
© 2011, Didier Descouens https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/]What feature does this organism have in common with all members of the phylum chordata?
A. Legs and wings
B. Mouth but no anus
C. Bilateral symmetry
D. Chitinous exoskeleton
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Which phyla have bilateral symmetry? A. annelida, arthropoda, platyhelmintha B. porifera,...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.7c: Explain how natural selection can lead to speciation.
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.23: Which is the hierarchy of taxa in order of decreasing numbers of species? A. domain, phylum,...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.23: A plant has cambium in its vascular tissue and pollen is produced in male cones. The plant...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.28: The photograph shows vegetation in a rocky area. Which characteristic of the plants indicates...
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21M.2.SL.TZ1.5a.ii:
The bird and bat wings share homologous bone structures whereas the insect wing does not. Outline the conclusion that can be drawn about the evolution of these wings, based on homologous structures.
- 21N.1.SL.TZ0.20: The pentadactyl limbs of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians are examples of which kind of...
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21N.1.SL.TZ0.21:
Scientists studying ground finches (Geospiza fortis) on the island of Daphne Major in Galapagos found great differences in the shapes of the beaks.
[Source: Public domain.]
What is the explanation for this variation in beak shape between the birds?
A. Ground finches grow larger beaks if there is competition for food.
B. They belong to different species.
C. They are adapted for different diets.
D. The more a beak is used by a ground finch, the larger it becomes.
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22M.1.SL.TZ2.23:
Which factor(s) would favour evolution by natural selection?
I. Long lifespans
II. Favourable characteristics acquired by individuals during their lifetime
III. Variation within a species
A. II only
B. III only
C. I and II
D. I and III
- 18N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: Identify the dominant plant phylum in the boreal forest.
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18M.2.SL.TZ1.1c:
Using the data in the graph, distinguish between the distribution of C. nemoralis shells in woods and fields.
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.23: The figwort family is a large one consisting of many flowering plants that look similar. For what...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.5c: Identify two species from the list that are classified in different genera. 1. 2.
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.20: What is required for natural selection to occur? I. Acquired characteristics II. Advantageous...
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19M.1.HL.TZ2.26:
The cladogram shows some major orders of placental mammals and is based on biochemical evidence.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
Which conclusion can be drawn from evidence in the cladogram?
A. Primates and Sirenia have not evolved from a common ancestor.
B. Primates and Cetacea do not form part of any clade.
C. Cetacea are less closely related to Sirenia than to Primates.
D. Xenarthra have not been changed by evolution for longer than other clades.
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.4a: The images show parts of plants belonging to two different phyla. State the phylum of plant X...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1a: State the domain into which ticks are classified.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.3b: Outline how variation in organisms of the same species could lead to natural selection.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1b: Using information from the text, identify one possible simple treatment for Lyme disease.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1c: Identify the month when small birds had the greatest chance of being infected by B. burgdorferi...
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16N.2.HL.TZ0.4b:
Describe how variation contributes to evolution by natural selection.
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.19: The scientific name of the great egret has recently been changed from Casmerodius albus to Ardea...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.17: A bacterial population with no resistance to an antibiotic may develop into a bacterial...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ2.4b: State the name of the domain to which birds, such as the Elf owl, belong.
- 21M.2.SL.TZ1.5c: Cladistics and other evolutionary evidence suggest that mammals and birds have a more recent...
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21N.2.SL.TZ0.6c:
Outline the binomial system of classification.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.21: Which encircled area shows a clade?
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22M.1.SL.TZ1.22:
The plant in the diagram has vascular tissue and reproduces by spores.
[Source: Auer, A., 2007. Nature print, Alois Auer. [image online] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nature_print,_Alois_Auer.jpg [Accessed 10 October 2019].]
To which phylum does the plant belong?
A. Bryophyta
B. Filicinophyta
C. Coniferophyta
D. Angiospermophyta
- 18N.2.HL.TZ0.4a: Identify the dominant plant phylum in the boreal forest.
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1b: Suggest either one possible advantage or one disadvantage of having a banded shell, stating...
- 18M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Which phylum shows radial symmetry? A. Annelida B. Cnidaria C. Platyhelmintha D. Porifera
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18M.2.SL.TZ1.1a:
Determine the maximum percentage of yellow base colour shells found in woods.
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18M.1.SL.TZ1.20:
Balkan green lizards, Lacerta trilineata, living in mainland Greece eat mostly insects but also small amounts of plants. The same species living on Greek islands (where insects are scarce) show a greater percentage of those physical traits useful for eating plants than the mainland lizards.
[Source: Penny Turner/Wikimedia file licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en]What is the biological explanation for these observations?
A. Variation in each lizard population allowed adaptation to occur.
B. Lizards migrated to areas where they were better adapted.
C. Lizards on the islands diverged due to lack of interbreeding with the mainland population.
D. Homologous structures have prevented separate species from evolving.
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Which invertebrate phylum is characterized by a segmented body and bilateral symmetry? A....
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1d: Deduce from the data in the graph which shell base colours are on average most and least frequent...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.4c: Outline the types of evidence that can be used to place a species in a particular clade.
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: State one feature that characterizes these species as mammals.
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19M.2.SL.TZ2.4d:
The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.
[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.4a: The images show parts of plants belonging to two different phyla. State the phylum of plant X...
- 16N.1.SL.TZ0.23: The scientific name of the Wakatobi flowerpecker is Dicaeum kuehni. Which species is most...
- 16N.1.SL.TZ0.22: In which domain are bryophyta found? A. PlantaeB. ArchaeaC. EubacteriaD. Eukaryote
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.7c: Describe, using one example, how homologous structures provide evidence for evolution.
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.22: An animal has the following characteristics: bilateral symmetry, mouth but no anus, ribbon shape....
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20N.1.SL.TZ0.23:
The cladogram shows some of the groups in the three domains.
[Source: Adapted from Eric Gaba (Sting, fr:Sting), Cherkash, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg.]What domains do X, Y and Z represent?
- 17N.2.SL.TZ0.04a.i: State the phylum of this plant.
- 21M.1.HL.TZ1.15: What are the evolutionary origins and functions of homologous structures?
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.23: A locust is an arthropod. For invertebrate groups, which recognition feature is found only in...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.21: Which evolutionary pathway is most likely to result in the evolution of analogous structures in...
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21M.1.SL.TZ2.20:
Which is an example of speciation?
A. Selective breeding to produce new varieties of the wheat Triticum aestivum with higher crop yield
B. Evolution of different courtship behaviours in separate populations of the cricket Gryllus rubens
C. Natural selection leading to an increase in the frequency of darker individuals of Biston betularia
D. Selective feeding by koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) on Eucalyptus species
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21M.2.HL.TZ1.7b:
Explain how genetic variation between the individuals in a species can be generated.
- 21N.1.SL.TZ0.23: The cladogram shows one theory of how species of hominin evolved. What can be deduced using...
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.22: The diagram shows features of three plant phyla. Which phyla are represented by R, S and T?
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.21: The cladogram shows the relationships of five species I to V. Which species is/are most...
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.22: The chart shows features of three organisms X, Y and Z. To which domain does each organism...
- 18N.2.SL.TZ0.6b: The human hand is an example of adaptive radiation. Outline adaptive radiation.
- 18M.2.HL.TZ1.3a.ii: State the major chemical component of the shell in molluscs.
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18M.2.SL.TZ1.4b:
C. nemoralis (pictured below) is a mollusc. Identify two external features that distinguish this snail from an arthropod.
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1f: Using the theory of natural selection, explain the differences shown in the graph between the...
-
19M.1.SL.TZ1.23:
The DNA base sequences in a gene coding for a particular protein in four different species are shown. Locations where mutations have occurred resulting in changes to the base sequences are outlined in boxes.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
Which cladogram shows the most likely phylogenetic relationship between the four species, based on the data provided?
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.27: What is the reason for antibiotics not damaging human cells? A. The dose is too small to be...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.5b: Identify the two species most closely related. 1. 2.
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4b.ii: Suggest one type of additional evidence that could provide strong support for Turtles 3 as the...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4b.ii: Some lice live in human hair and feed on blood. Shampoos that kill lice have been available for...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4b: State two characteristics that identify lice as members of the arthropoda. 1. 2.
-
20N.2.SL.TZ0.2a.i:
State the genus of this organism.
-
17N.2.HL.TZ0.06c:
Cell biologists play an important role in research into disease, fertility, evolution and many
other areas of science.Outline the evidence for evolution provided by selective breeding.
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.7c:
Outline the use of analogous and homologous traits in natural classification.
-
21N.1.SL.TZ0.22:
The image shows the northern sea nettle (Chrysaora melanaster).
[Source: Aflo, 2015. Northern sea nettle (Chrysaora Melanaster) floating, with Mackerel fry (Carangidae) Izu, Japan. [image
online] Available at: https://www.naturepl.com/search/preview/northern-sea-nettle-chrysaora-melanaster-floating-withmackerel-
fry-/0_01489405.html [Accessed 23 March 2020].]To which phylum does C. melanaster belong?
A. Porifera
B. Cnidaria
C. Platyhelmintha
D. Annelida
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.17: What could be used as evidence for evolution? I. Selective breeding of domesticated animals II....
-
22M.2.SL.TZ1.1i:
State one feature of the sloth that would indicate it is a mammal.
-
22M.1.SL.TZ2.20:
Humans have been improving crop species for thousands of years by cross-breeding plants with desirable characteristics. The photograph shows the changes in dry cobs of corn (Zea mays) over 10 000 years.
[Source: Evolution of Maize Cobs © Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology,
Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. All Rights Reserved.]What is the name of the process that was used to produce modern corn?
A. Selective breeding
B. Adaptive radiation
C. Discontinuous variation
D. Natural selection
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.20: The images show a guinea pig, a mouse, a horse and a whale. Which features support the...
-
18M.1.SL.TZ2.20:
The diagrams show various wings.
[Source: for pterodactyl, bird and bat wings:
John W. Merck, University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Geology;
for insect wing: Halvard Hatlen https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Dip-trichoceridae-wing.png]Which statement describes the relationship between the structures of the wings?
A. The bat wing and the insect wing are homologous because they have the same function.
B. The limbs of the bird and bat wings are homologous due to convergent evolution.
C. The wings of the pterodactyl and the bat are analogous due to divergent evolution.
D. The bones of the wings of the pterodactyl, bird and bat are homologous as they have a common ancestor.
- 19M.1.SL.TZ1.20: Which are examples of homologous structures? A. The wings of bats and butterflies B. The fins...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.7b: Explain how natural selection can lead to speciation.
Sub sections and their related questions
5.1 Evidence for evolution
- 16N.1.SL.TZ0.20: Which evidence for evolution do the common features in the bone structure of vertebrate limbs...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.7c: Describe, using one example, how homologous structures provide evidence for evolution.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.25: The graph shows the song duration of birds from the genus Phylloscopus sampled from west to east...
-
17N.1.SL.TZ0.20:
Which of these structures is not homologous?
[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy#/media/File:Homology_vertebrates-en.svg and
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Insect_leg_scheme.svg] -
17N.2.HL.TZ0.06c:
Cell biologists play an important role in research into disease, fertility, evolution and many
other areas of science.Outline the evidence for evolution provided by selective breeding.
-
18M.1.SL.TZ2.20:
The diagrams show various wings.
[Source: for pterodactyl, bird and bat wings:
John W. Merck, University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Geology;
for insect wing: Halvard Hatlen https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Dip-trichoceridae-wing.png]Which statement describes the relationship between the structures of the wings?
A. The bat wing and the insect wing are homologous because they have the same function.
B. The limbs of the bird and bat wings are homologous due to convergent evolution.
C. The wings of the pterodactyl and the bat are analogous due to divergent evolution.
D. The bones of the wings of the pterodactyl, bird and bat are homologous as they have a common ancestor.
- 18N.2.SL.TZ0.6b: The human hand is an example of adaptive radiation. Outline adaptive radiation.
- 18N.2.HL.TZ0.7b: Outline the causes of variation in one example of continuous variation in humans.
- 18N.2.HL.TZ0.7c: Explain how evolution occurs and which factors can cause the process to be rapid.
- 19M.1.SL.TZ1.20: Which are examples of homologous structures? A. The wings of bats and butterflies B. The fins...
- 19M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Which is an example of natural selection? A. A giraffe stretching its neck to reach higher...
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.20: What is required for natural selection to occur? I. Acquired characteristics II. Advantageous...
-
19N.1.SL.TZ0.21:
Which pentadactyl limb is adapted for flight?
[Source: adapted from Volkov Vladislav Petrovich, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)#/media/File:Homology_
vertebrates-en.svg and Zebra.element, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bat_mouse_forelimbs.png] - 20N.1.SL.TZ0.20: What process best explains the formation of different pentadactyl limbs? A. Adaptive...
- 21M.1.HL.TZ1.15: What are the evolutionary origins and functions of homologous structures?
-
21M.1.SL.TZ2.20:
Which is an example of speciation?
A. Selective breeding to produce new varieties of the wheat Triticum aestivum with higher crop yield
B. Evolution of different courtship behaviours in separate populations of the cricket Gryllus rubens
C. Natural selection leading to an increase in the frequency of darker individuals of Biston betularia
D. Selective feeding by koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) on Eucalyptus species
- 21N.1.SL.TZ0.20: The pentadactyl limbs of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians are examples of which kind of...
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.20: Mammals, birds and reptiles have an embryonic tail that may disappear during development. What...
-
22M.1.SL.TZ2.20:
Humans have been improving crop species for thousands of years by cross-breeding plants with desirable characteristics. The photograph shows the changes in dry cobs of corn (Zea mays) over 10 000 years.
[Source: Evolution of Maize Cobs © Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology,
Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. All Rights Reserved.]What is the name of the process that was used to produce modern corn?
A. Selective breeding
B. Adaptive radiation
C. Discontinuous variation
D. Natural selection
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.17: What could be used as evidence for evolution? I. Selective breeding of domesticated animals II....
5.2 Natural selection
-
16N.1.SL.TZ0.19:
Lichens are returning to the forests of the industrial areas of the United Kingdom due to strict pollution control.
What is the expected outcome in the population of peppered moths (Biston betularia)?
A. Increased numbers of light-coloured peppered moths
B. Increased industrial melanism in peppered moths
C. Increased predation of peppered moths
D. Increased speciation of peppered moths - 16N.1.SL.TZ0.21: What is the major contributor to the increase in antibiotic resistance in bacteria? A. Sexual...
-
16N.2.HL.TZ0.4b:
Describe how variation contributes to evolution by natural selection.
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.17: A bacterial population with no resistance to an antibiotic may develop into a bacterial...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.20: A bacterial population with no resistance to an antibiotic may develop into a bacterial...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4b.ii: Suggest one type of additional evidence that could provide strong support for Turtles 3 as the...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.21: What is a direct consequence of the overproduction of offspring? A. Individuals become more...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.28: The photograph shows vegetation in a rocky area. Which characteristic of the plants indicates...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4b.ii: Some lice live in human hair and feed on blood. Shampoos that kill lice have been available for...
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.21: What causes variation within a population? A. Fertilization and change in the environment B....
-
18M.1.SL.TZ1.20:
Balkan green lizards, Lacerta trilineata, living in mainland Greece eat mostly insects but also small amounts of plants. The same species living on Greek islands (where insects are scarce) show a greater percentage of those physical traits useful for eating plants than the mainland lizards.
[Source: Penny Turner/Wikimedia file licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en]What is the biological explanation for these observations?
A. Variation in each lizard population allowed adaptation to occur.
B. Lizards migrated to areas where they were better adapted.
C. Lizards on the islands diverged due to lack of interbreeding with the mainland population.
D. Homologous structures have prevented separate species from evolving.
-
18M.2.SL.TZ1.1a:
Determine the maximum percentage of yellow base colour shells found in woods.
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1b: Suggest either one possible advantage or one disadvantage of having a banded shell, stating...
-
18M.2.SL.TZ1.1c:
Using the data in the graph, distinguish between the distribution of C. nemoralis shells in woods and fields.
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1d: Deduce from the data in the graph which shell base colours are on average most and least frequent...
-
18M.2.SL.TZ1.1e:
Discuss whether there is evidence in the data that colour plays a role in the survival of the snails.
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.1f: Using the theory of natural selection, explain the differences shown in the graph between the...
-
18M.2.HL.TZ1.2b:
Birds, bats and humans are all vertebrates with pentadactyl limbs. Birds and bats use their forelimbs to fly whereas humans can use them to lift and manipulate objects. Outline how the bird, bat and human forelimb can be used to illustrate the concept of homologous structures.
-
18M.2.HL.TZ1.3a.i:
C. nemoralis is a mollusc. Identify two external features that distinguish this snail from an arthropod.
- 18M.2.HL.TZ1.3a.ii: State the major chemical component of the shell in molluscs.
-
18M.2.SL.TZ2.6b:
Describe the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.26: Which of the adaptations of flowers would be most successful for the survival of a species? A....
-
18M.1.HL.TZ2.28:
Prickly pear cactus plants are well adapted to desert conditions. The stems are the flattened structures visible in the image and the leaves are reduced to spines. The white spots in the image are groups of spines.
[Source: Stan Shebs/Wikimedia. File licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)]
Which characteristic describes the advantage of one of their adaptations?
A. Leaves are reduced to spines to lose less carbon dioxide.
B. Spines increase surface area for more photosynthesis.
C. Stems are flattened to allow more water to be stored between periods of rain.
D. Waxy cuticle on the stems is very thin to allow rapid absorption of rain.
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.7c: Explain how natural selection can lead to speciation.
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.27: What is the reason for antibiotics not damaging human cells? A. The dose is too small to be...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.7b: Explain how natural selection can lead to speciation.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.3b: Outline how variation in organisms of the same species could lead to natural selection.
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.21: What would restrict evolution by natural selection, if a species only reproduced by cloning? A....
- 20N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.ii: Explain how evolution by natural selection depends on mutations.
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Which process results in decreased variation? A. Meiosis B. Mutation C. Sexual...
-
21M.1.SL.TZ1.25:
On the islands of the St Kilda chain, off the coast of Scotland, there are small birds called St Kilda wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes hirtensis). They look similar to wrens on the mainland of Scotland (Troglodytes troglodytes indigenus), but they are larger and there are differences in the colour of their feathers.
What is the most likely explanation for these differences?
A. Convergent evolution
B. Stabilizing natural selection
C. Gradual divergence
D. Exposure to similar selection pressure
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.7b:
Explain how genetic variation between the individuals in a species can be generated.
-
21M.2.SL.TZ2.6c:
Describe the risk to the human population of indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
-
21N.1.SL.TZ0.21:
Scientists studying ground finches (Geospiza fortis) on the island of Daphne Major in Galapagos found great differences in the shapes of the beaks.
[Source: Public domain.]
What is the explanation for this variation in beak shape between the birds?
A. Ground finches grow larger beaks if there is competition for food.
B. They belong to different species.
C. They are adapted for different diets.
D. The more a beak is used by a ground finch, the larger it becomes.
-
21N.2.SL.TZ0.3d:
All of the leaves in the image are from Solanum, a wild genus of tomato.
[Source: Courtesy: National Science Foundation, Credit Leonie Moyle.]
State one cause of variation in a plant such as the tomato.
-
22M.1.SL.TZ1.21:
The graph shows the proportion of a bacterial population of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, displaying resistance to the antibiotic tetracycline.
[Source: © All rights reserved. Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System Report, 2016. Public Health Agency of Canada. Adapted and reproduced with permission from the Minister of Health, 2022.]
What can be deduced from this graph?
A. Bacteria with beneficial adaptations survive and pass on their genes.
B. Immunity to tetracycline is triggered by over-use of the antibiotic.
C. Genetic variation in this bacterial population is increasing.
D. Use of tetracycline inhibits the growth of antibiotic-resistant N. gonorrhoeae.
-
22M.2.SL.TZ1.7c:
Explain the development of antibiotic resistance in terms of natural selection.
-
22M.2.SL.TZ2.7b:
Explain how natural selection can cause traits such as drought resistance to develop in wild plants.
-
22M.1.SL.TZ2.23:
Which factor(s) would favour evolution by natural selection?
I. Long lifespans
II. Favourable characteristics acquired by individuals during their lifetime
III. Variation within a species
A. II only
B. III only
C. I and II
D. I and III
5.3 Classification of biodiversity
- 16N.1.SL.TZ0.22: In which domain are bryophyta found? A. PlantaeB. ArchaeaC. EubacteriaD. Eukaryote
- 16N.1.SL.TZ0.23: The scientific name of the Wakatobi flowerpecker is Dicaeum kuehni. Which species is most...
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.19: The scientific name of the great egret has recently been changed from Casmerodius albus to Ardea...
-
16N.2.SL.TZ0.5a:
Living organisms have been placed in three domains: archaea, eubacteria and eukaryote. Distinguish archaea from eubacteria.
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.18: An animal shows radial symmetry, has only one opening leading to a digestive cavity and is soft...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Below is a phylogenetic tree of the three domains. There are important differences between the...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.23: A plant has cambium in its vascular tissue and pollen is produced in male cones. The plant...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
-
17M.2.SL.TZ1.4c:
Taxonomists aim to place species into genera, families and higher taxa according to their evolutionary origins. This is known as natural classification.
Explain the usefulness of natural classification in biodiversity research.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.22: The diagram represents a cladogram of the family Procyonidae. What would justify classifying...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.23: Which is a characteristic of both bryophyta and filicinophyta? A. Vascular tissue B. Membranous...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4b: State two characteristics that identify lice as members of the arthropoda. 1. 2.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ2.4b: State the name of the domain to which birds, such as the Elf owl, belong.
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.22: Which of the organisms A–D, identified by the key, represents a reptile?
-
17N.2.SL.TZ0.04a.ii:
State two characteristics of plants from the phylum you stated in (a)(i).
- 17N.2.SL.TZ0.04a.i: State the phylum of this plant.
- 18M.1.SL.TZ1.22: Which phylum shows radial symmetry? A. Annelida B. Cnidaria C. Platyhelmintha D. Porifera
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.i: State one reason that viruses are not classified as living organisms.
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.ii: State the plant phylum which is characterised by the absence of vascular tissue.
-
18M.2.SL.TZ1.4b:
C. nemoralis (pictured below) is a mollusc. Identify two external features that distinguish this snail from an arthropod.
-
18M.2.HL.TZ1.2a:
State two features that are found only in mammals.
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Which invertebrate phylum is characterized by a segmented body and bilateral symmetry? A....
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.20: The images show a guinea pig, a mouse, a horse and a whale. Which features support the...
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.22: The chart shows features of three organisms X, Y and Z. To which domain does each organism...
- 18N.2.SL.TZ0.3a: Identify the dominant plant phylum in the boreal forest.
- 18N.2.HL.TZ0.4a: Identify the dominant plant phylum in the boreal forest.
-
19M.1.SL.TZ1.22:
The image shows an organism belonging to the Kingdom Animalia.
[Source: Titan beetle male. Locality: “RK4,5 route Cacao”, French Guiana
© 2011, Didier Descouens https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/]What feature does this organism have in common with all members of the phylum chordata?
A. Legs and wings
B. Mouth but no anus
C. Bilateral symmetry
D. Chitinous exoskeleton
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.5a: State one feature that characterizes these species as mammals.
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.5b: Identify the two species most closely related. 1. 2.
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.5c: Identify two species from the list that are classified in different genera. 1. 2.
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.21: If seeds of an unknown species of plant are discovered, what assumption can be made about the...
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.22: Which phyla have bilateral symmetry? A. annelida, arthropoda, platyhelmintha B. porifera,...
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.23: Which is the hierarchy of taxa in order of decreasing numbers of species? A. domain, phylum,...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.4a: The images show parts of plants belonging to two different phyla. State the phylum of plant X...
- 19M.1.HL.TZ2.28: Which is the hierarchy of taxa in order of increasing numbers of species? A. genus, family,...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.4b: Some plant families, such as the figwort family, have been reclassified on the basis of evidence...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.4a: The images show parts of plants belonging to two different phyla. State the phylum of plant X...
- 19N.1.SL.TZ0.22: An organism has the following characteristics: single opening for ingestion and...
-
19N.1.SL.TZ0.23:
Which organism is a member of the filicinophyta? (Note that these are not to scale)
[Source: A: Sanjay ach/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
B: Vaelta/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
C: Andrey Zharkikh/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en
D: courtesy of Caroline Needham] - 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1a: State the domain into which ticks are classified.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1b: Using information from the text, identify one possible simple treatment for Lyme disease.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1c: Identify the month when small birds had the greatest chance of being infected by B. burgdorferi...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1d: Using the life cycle diagram and the graph for the year 2000, analyse the distribution of adult...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1e: Evaluate the effect of the change in distribution of the different life stages of ticks on the...
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.22: An animal has the following characteristics: bilateral symmetry, mouth but no anus, ribbon shape....
-
20N.2.SL.TZ0.2a.i:
State the genus of this organism.
- 20N.2.SL.TZ0.2a.ii: State the domain in which it is classified.
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.23: A locust is an arthropod. For invertebrate groups, which recognition feature is found only in...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.24: A dichotomous key can be used to distinguish four types of plant. Which of the plants could be a...
-
21M.1.SL.TZ2.22:
The images show a structure found on members of a phylum of green plants.
[Source: left: Pratheep P S, www.pratheep.com (CC BY-SA 3.0) https://creativecommons.org right: Curtis Clark (CC BY-SA 3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.]
What is the name of the phylum to which the organisms belong?
A. Coniferophyta
B. Angiospermophyta
C. Filicinophyta
D. Bryophyta
- 21M.2.HL.TZ2.3c: State the genus of the broad bean.
-
21N.1.SL.TZ0.22:
The image shows the northern sea nettle (Chrysaora melanaster).
[Source: Aflo, 2015. Northern sea nettle (Chrysaora Melanaster) floating, with Mackerel fry (Carangidae) Izu, Japan. [image
online] Available at: https://www.naturepl.com/search/preview/northern-sea-nettle-chrysaora-melanaster-floating-withmackerel-
fry-/0_01489405.html [Accessed 23 March 2020].]To which phylum does C. melanaster belong?
A. Porifera
B. Cnidaria
C. Platyhelmintha
D. Annelida
-
21N.1.HL.TZ1.18:
To which phylum does the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus belong?
[Source: Casselmann, H., 2011. Lumbricus rubellus HC1. [image online] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Lumbricus_rubellus_HC1.jpg (CC BY-SA 3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en [Accessed 23 March 2020].]A. Annelida
B. Cnidaria
C. Platyhelmintha
D. Arthropoda
-
21N.2.SL.TZ0.6c:
Outline the binomial system of classification.
-
22M.1.SL.TZ1.22:
The plant in the diagram has vascular tissue and reproduces by spores.
[Source: Auer, A., 2007. Nature print, Alois Auer. [image online] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nature_print,_Alois_Auer.jpg [Accessed 10 October 2019].]
To which phylum does the plant belong?
A. Bryophyta
B. Filicinophyta
C. Coniferophyta
D. Angiospermophyta
-
22M.2.SL.TZ1.1i:
State one feature of the sloth that would indicate it is a mammal.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.22: The diagram shows features of three plant phyla. Which phyla are represented by R, S and T?
5.4 Cladistics
-
16N.2.SL.TZ0.5b:
List two types of evidence used to determine which species belong in the same clade.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.i: State the organism most closely related to the lizards.
-
17M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.ii:
Based on the taxa shown, deduce a difficulty in gathering data to study turtle ancestry.
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4b.i: Molecular evidence is often used to construct a cladogram. Describe one type of molecular-based...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
- 17M.3.HL.TZ1.9b: Explain what the branching off points represent in the cladogram of these fungi.
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.23: The table shows the number of differences between humans and other selected organisms for the...
-
18M.1.SL.TZ1.23:
The cladogram was constructed using DNA base sequences from six species. Which node indicates the greatest difference in base sequences?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.21: What reduces variation in a population? A. Meiosis B. Mutation C. Natural selection D. Sexual...
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.23: The figwort family is a large one consisting of many flowering plants that look similar. For what...
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.21: The cladogram shows the relationships of five species I to V. Which species is/are most...
-
19M.1.SL.TZ1.23:
The DNA base sequences in a gene coding for a particular protein in four different species are shown. Locations where mutations have occurred resulting in changes to the base sequences are outlined in boxes.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
Which cladogram shows the most likely phylogenetic relationship between the four species, based on the data provided?
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.4c: Outline the types of evidence that can be used to place a species in a particular clade.
-
19M.2.SL.TZ2.4d:
The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.
[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.
-
19M.1.HL.TZ2.26:
The cladogram shows some major orders of placental mammals and is based on biochemical evidence.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
Which conclusion can be drawn from evidence in the cladogram?
A. Primates and Sirenia have not evolved from a common ancestor.
B. Primates and Cetacea do not form part of any clade.
C. Cetacea are less closely related to Sirenia than to Primates.
D. Xenarthra have not been changed by evolution for longer than other clades.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.3a: Describe what is shown in a cladogram.
-
20N.1.SL.TZ0.23:
The cladogram shows some of the groups in the three domains.
[Source: Adapted from Eric Gaba (Sting, fr:Sting), Cherkash, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg.]What domains do X, Y and Z represent?
- 21M.2.SL.TZ1.5a.i: Based on their structure, the insect and bat wings are analogous. Outline what is meant by an...
-
21M.2.SL.TZ1.5a.ii:
The bird and bat wings share homologous bone structures whereas the insect wing does not. Outline the conclusion that can be drawn about the evolution of these wings, based on homologous structures.
-
21M.2.SL.TZ1.5b:
Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.
- 21M.2.SL.TZ1.5c: Cladistics and other evolutionary evidence suggest that mammals and birds have a more recent...
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.7c:
Outline the use of analogous and homologous traits in natural classification.
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.21: Which evolutionary pathway is most likely to result in the evolution of analogous structures in...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.23: What information can be deduced from the sequence of nodes in a cladogram? A. The geological...
- 21N.1.SL.TZ0.23: The cladogram shows one theory of how species of hominin evolved. What can be deduced using...
-
22M.1.SL.TZ1.23:
Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (–) of five traits in several different species are shown in the table.
Which cladogram best represents the relationship between the five species?
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.21: Which encircled area shows a clade?