| Date | May 2019 | Marks available | 1 | Reference code | 19M.2.SL.TZ2.4 |
| Level | Standard level | Paper | Paper 2 | Time zone | Time zone 2 |
| Command term | Deduce | Question number | 4 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
The images show parts of plants belonging to two different phyla.
State the phylum of plant X and of plant Y.
X:
Y:
Explain one cause of mutation.
Outline the types of evidence that can be used to place a species in a particular clade.
The cladogram includes four marsupial (non-placental mammal) families.
[Source: Koala image: Quartl, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctos_cinereus#/media/
File:Friendly_Female_Koala.JPG; Wombat image: JJ Harrison, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat#/
media/File:Vombatus_ursinus_-Maria_Island_National_Park.jpg; Marsupial lion: Nobu Tamura,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion#/media/File:Thylacoleo_BW.jpg;
Diprotodontoidea image: Anne Musser]
Deduce the family that is most closely related to the Diprotodontoidea.
Markscheme
X: Filicinophyta ✔
Y: Coniferophyta/Conifera/Gymnosperms ✔
Not chromosomal.
a. a clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor ✔
b. identify the base sequences of a gene ✔
c. identify amino acid sequence of a protein ✔
d. comparing homologous structures ✔
e. the fewer the differences, the closer they diverged in time from a common ancestor ✔ Accept vice versa.
Vombatidae/wombats ✔
Examiners report
Those who had been taught it could identify the filicinophyte and the coniferophyte, albeit with a variety of spellings.
Many were confused by a relatively simple question, but a large proportion gained both marks by linking radiation or carcinogens to changes in the DNA base sequence.
Those who had been taught it gained at least two marks for evidence and clades, with comparing base sequences of genes and amino acid sequences of proteins amongst the most common correct answers.
Nearly everyone spotted the wombat correctly.
Syllabus sections
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.23: The figwort family is a large one consisting of many flowering plants that look similar. For...
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19M.1.SL.TZ1.23:
The DNA base sequences in a gene coding for a particular protein in four different species are shown. Locations where mutations have occurred resulting in changes to the base sequences are outlined in boxes.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
Which cladogram shows the most likely phylogenetic relationship between the four species, based on the data provided?
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22M.1.SL.TZ1.23:
Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (–) of five traits in several different species are shown in the table.
Which cladogram best represents the relationship between the five species?
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.21: Which encircled area shows a clade?
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18M.1.SL.TZ1.23:
The cladogram was constructed using DNA base sequences from six species. Which node indicates the greatest difference in base sequences?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.21: The cladogram shows the relationships of five species I to V. Which species is/are most...
- 21N.1.SL.TZ0.23: The cladogram shows one theory of how species of hominin evolved. What can be deduced...
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.21: What reduces variation in a population? A. Meiosis B. Mutation C. Natural selection D....
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.i: State the organism most closely related to the lizards.
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.23: The table shows the number of differences between humans and other selected organisms for the...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive...
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17M.2.SL.TZ1.4a.ii:
Based on the taxa shown, deduce a difficulty in gathering data to study turtle ancestry.
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.23: What information can be deduced from the sequence of nodes in a cladogram? A. The geological...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 21M.2.SL.TZ1.5c: Cladistics and other evolutionary evidence suggest that mammals and birds have a more recent...
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16N.2.SL.TZ0.5b:
List two types of evidence used to determine which species belong in the same clade.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.4b.i: Molecular evidence is often used to construct a cladogram. Describe one type of...
- 21M.2.SL.TZ1.5a.i: Based on their structure, the insect and bat wings are analogous. Outline what is meant by an...
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21M.2.SL.TZ1.5a.ii:
The bird and bat wings share homologous bone structures whereas the insect wing does not. Outline the conclusion that can be drawn about the evolution of these wings, based on homologous structures.
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 17M.3.HL.TZ1.9b: Explain what the branching off points represent in the cladogram of these fungi.
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.21: Which evolutionary pathway is most likely to result in the evolution of analogous structures...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.4c: Outline the types of evidence that can be used to place a species in a particular clade.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.3a: Describe what is shown in a cladogram.
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21M.2.SL.TZ1.5b:
Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.
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21M.2.HL.TZ1.7c:
Outline the use of analogous and homologous traits in natural classification.
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19M.1.HL.TZ2.26:
The cladogram shows some major orders of placental mammals and is based on biochemical evidence.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
Which conclusion can be drawn from evidence in the cladogram?
A. Primates and Sirenia have not evolved from a common ancestor.
B. Primates and Cetacea do not form part of any clade.
C. Cetacea are less closely related to Sirenia than to Primates.
D. Xenarthra have not been changed by evolution for longer than other clades.
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20N.1.SL.TZ0.23:
The cladogram shows some of the groups in the three domains.
[Source: Adapted from Eric Gaba (Sting, fr:Sting), Cherkash, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg.]What domains do X, Y and Z represent?
