DP Biology Questionbank
Topic 3: Genetics
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Description
Overview of the essential ideas for this topic.
3.1: Every living organism inherits a blueprint for life from its parents.
3.2: Chromosomes carry genes in a linear sequence that is shared by members of a species.
3.3: Alleles segregate during meiosis allowing new combinations to be formed by the fusion of gametes.
3.4: The inheritance of genes follows patterns.
3.5: Biologists have developed techniques for artificial manipulation of DNA, cells and organisms.
Directly related questions
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
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22M.2.HL.TZ2.2b.ii:
Explain Cairns’s technique to measure the length of the DNA molecule.
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.13: What determines the genomic size of a species? A. The total amount of DNA B. The total number...
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.12: Which process occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? A. Attachment of spindle fibres to the...
- 22M.2.SL.TZ1.4a: State the probability that Edward had hemophilia.
- 22M.1.HL.TZ2.10: Where can the entire genome of an organism be found? A. In the DNA present in plasmids of a...
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19M.2.SL.TZ2.1i:
Outline the conclusions that can be drawn from the data in the graph for the group of aphids fed for three generations on transgenic thale cress plants (T).
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.16: An allele for lactase persistence allows humans to digest milk as adults. People who lack this...
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.3a: Using the Punnett grid, explain how two parents can have children with any of the different ABO...
- 17N.2.SL.TZ0.02c: State an application of plasmids in biotechnology.
- 18M.2.SL.TZ2.2b.ii: Distinguish between the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
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16N.2.HL.TZ0.5a:
Using the pedigree chart, deduce the type of allele that causes hypophosphatemia.
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21N.1.SL.TZ0.13:
John Cairns used the technique of autoradiography to produce photographs of DNA from the bacterium E. coli.
[Source: © Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Autoradiography of bacterium E. coli DNA - micrograph, The Chromosome of
Escherichia coli Cairns, J.P., 1963. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia, Quantitative Biology, 28(44).]Which conclusion was drawn from his experiments?
A. The DNA in all organisms is circular.
B. DNA in E. coli naturally contains thymidine.
C. DNA replication is conservative.
D. The DNA in E. coli is 900 μm in length.
- 21N.1.SL.TZ0.15: In humans, male pattern baldness is caused by a recessive sex-linked gene found only on the X...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.11: What proves that the inheritance of the condition shown in this pedigree chart is autosomal...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.18: Which genotype would be normally found in a gamete? A. Rr B. RS C. rStt D. TUt
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19M.1.SL.TZ2.14:
The pedigree chart shows a family affected by cystic fibrosis.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
What is the genotype of the affected boy’s father?
A. AA only
B. Either AA or Aa
C. Aa only
D. aa only
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.16: Which technique is used to amplify very small samples of DNA? A. Cloning B. Gel...
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.19: Which technique is used to amplify very small samples of DNA? A. Cloning B. Gel...
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.16: For what purpose is a karyogram used? A. To identify gene loci in a species B. To identify...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.21: Which is a possible risk associated with a genetic modification of crops? A. Crop plants will...
- 16N.2.HL.TZ0.5b: Identify the genotype of the individual marked with a star in the pedigree chart, using...
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18M.2.HL.TZ1.3b.i:
Distinguish between sex-linked genes and genes with linked loci.
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4a.i: State one type of environmental factor that may increase the mutation rate of a gene.
- 18M.1.SL.TZ1.21: What explains the presence in living humans of DNA sections which are identical to DNA found in...
- 18M.1.SL.TZ1.15: What helps make the genome of each human unique?
- 18M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What contributes to the total DNA content of a zygote?
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.16: The diagram shows a pedigree of cystic fibrosis, in which the black colour indicates the presence...
- 17N.2.SL.TZ0.06c: Outline natural methods of cloning in some eukaryotes.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.14: Chromosome numbers vary between species. Which statement refers to humans? A. An egg cell has 22...
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.15: In cats, black coat colour is dominant over gray. A female black cat, whose mother is gray, mates...
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.13: What description is matched with the correct phase in meiosis I?
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.13: The table shows the estimated total number of genes in several organisms. What can be deduced...
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.16: Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disease. What are the chances of two...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.16: During which phase of the first division of meiosis can non-disjunction take place and what...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.14: Which is a characteristic of the pairs of sister chromatids that are visible during meiosis? A....
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18N.1.SL.TZ0.16:
The image shows the results of Griffith’s experiment with S and R strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice (Mus musculus).
What is an explanation for the results?
A. Mice vary in their resistance to bacteria.
B. The R strain and S strain mated.
C. R strain bacteria are more heat-stable than S strain.
D. DNA was transferred from heat-killed S cells to R cells.
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21M.1.SL.TZ1.17:
A two-cell sea urchin (Echinoidea) embryo was physically separated by scientists into two cells. Each cell, through further embryonic development, became an adult sea urchin.
[Source: Clker-Free-Vector-Images/Pixabay.]
What is the relationship between the two adult sea urchins?
A. They are equivalent to non-identical twins.
B. Half of the genes would be the same.
C. Both adults would have haploid cells.
D. They are clones.
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21N.1.HL.TZ1.13:
A nucleus was removed from a cell of sheep P and fused with a denucleated egg cell of sheep Q. This was transplanted into the uterus of sheep R, which gave birth to Dolly.
[Source: Photo courtesy of The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Scotland, UK, n.d. Dolly the Sheep
in a field at The Roslin Institute. [image online] Available at: https://www.livescience.com/57961-dolly-the-sheepannouncement-
20-year-anniversary.html [Accessed 23 March 2020].]Which describes Dolly?
A. A clone of sheep P, because Dolly was formed from the nucleus of its udder cell
B. A clone of sheep Q, because Dolly was formed from one of its egg cells
C. A clone of sheep R, because Dolly developed in its uterus
D. Not a proper clone, as more than one sheep was involved in the development
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.14: The micrographs show four different phases from meiosis II. What is the correct order? A....
-
17N.3.HL.TZ0.03b:
Some regions of DNA act as telomeres or produce tRNA. State one other function of DNA sequences that do not code for protein.
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21M.1.HL.TZ2.12:
The image shows tetrads in the anther of a lily. A tetrad is a group of four cells, produced when one mother cell divides by meiosis. The tetrad indicated by the arrow contains a total of 48 chromosomes.
[Source: [Tetrad], 2012. [image online] Available at: https://www.iasprr.org/old/iasprr-pix/lily/tetrad.jpg [accessed: 4 April 2019]. Photo courtesy of Professor Scott D. Russell.]
What is the diploid number of the plant?
A. 12
B. 24
C. 48
D. 96
- 16N.1.SL.TZ0.13: What is produced by somatic-cell nuclear transfer? A. Adult sheepB. Cloned embryosC. Rooted...
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17N.1.HL.TZ0.10:
The image shows a karyogram.
[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karyotype_of_sheep_(Ovis_aries).png, by M. Singh, X. Ma, E. Amoah and G. Kannan]
What information can be determined from this karyogram?
A. The sex is female.
B. The haploid number is 54.
C. Disjunction occurred during meiosis.
D. The species is not human.
- 20N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.i: Define mutation.
-
18N.1.HL.TZ0.14:
Ampicillin (Amp) is an antibiotic. A plasmid carrying a gene for Amp resistance was used to transform bacteria in a tube of broth. A control tube without plasmid was also produced. The results were plated as shown. Which plate has only colonies of transformed bacteria?
- 19N.2.SL.TZ0.6b: Outline how two parents could have a child with any of the four ABO blood groups.
- 18M.2.HL.TZ2.3a.i: The micrograph shows a plant cell of Lilium grandiflorum during meiosis. Identify, giving...
- 21N.1.SL.TZ0.16: The image shows the result of DNA profiling of a mother, a child and four men. Which man is most...
-
19N.2.SL.TZ0.1d:
State the proportion of the ancestral allele for the gene GS3 in the O. rufipogon-III population.
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19M.1.SL.TZ1.16:
Which pedigree chart is consistent with the inheritance of red-green colour blindness?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
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19M.1.HL.TZ2.22:
Two restriction endonucleases (EcoRI and BamHI) were used to cut a DNA sample into smaller fragments. These were then subjected to gel electrophoresis and the results are shown. The lengths of the DNA fragments are measured in kilobases (kb). One kilobase is 1000 DNA bases.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
Which statement is supported by the data?
A. The DNA sample is approximately 16 kb in size.
B. Each endonuclease produces a 2 kb fragment.
C. Both endonucleases produce the same number of fragments.
D. The fragments produced using both endonucleases are all different from those produced by the individual endonucleases.
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.4b: Explain one cause of mutation.
- 19M.3.SL.TZ2.2a: Estimate the length of the molecule of DNA shown in the autoradiogram between the two...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1f: Using the gene activation data, deduce, giving two reasons, whether the armyworm or the...
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19N.1.SL.TZ0.16:
A pair of alleles controls the secretion of antigens corresponding to blood group in saliva. Examine the pedigree chart.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
Based on this pedigree chart, which best describes the allele conferring antigen secretion in saliva?
A. Dominant
B. Recessive
C. Sex-linked
D. Co-dominant
- 21N.1.HL.TZ1.12: Huntington’s disease can develop in middle age and leads to death of brain cells. It is carried...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4a.ii: Identify one type of gene mutation.
-
22M.1.SL.TZ2.14:
The karyogram shown belongs to a human being.
[Source: Reproduced from Tennakoon J, Kandasamy Y, Alcock G, Koh TH. Edwards syndrome with double trisomy. Singapore Med J. 2008 Jul;49(7):e190-1. PMID: 18695855.]
What can be deduced from this karyogram?
A. The person is a male with Down syndrome.
B. The person is a female with Down syndrome.
C. The person is a male with a genetic disorder.
D. The person is a female with a missing chromosome.
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22M.2.HL.TZ1.4c:
Outline the role of tRNA in hemoglobin synthesis.
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.15: HindIII is an endonuclease that recognizes the sequence A A G C T T, cutting between the two...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.14: What happens during meiosis I and meiosis II?
- 17N.1.HL.TZ0.12: A dominant autosomal allele for lactase persistence allows humans to digest milk as adults....
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.15: What is the percentage risk of a child inheriting Huntington’s disease if only one parent has the...
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18M.1.HL.TZ2.20:
Nail patella syndrome is a rare disease that causes abnormalities of the nails and some bones. Its alleles are linked to the blood group alleles on the same chromosome. The pedigree chart shows the inheritance of these two characteristics over three generations.
[Source: Copyright © 1998. Phillip McClean]
Which descendant represents a recombinant phenotype?
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.17: Which is a characteristic of the haploid number of eukaryotic chromosomes? A. It doubles in...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.2c.ii: State the haploid number for this nucleus.
- 21N.2.HL.TZ0.2a.ii: Deduce the genotype of Queen Victoria’s daughter Alice.
- 19N.1.SL.TZ0.17: What is PCR used for? A. Separate fragments of DNA by size B. Amplify small amounts of DNA C....
- 19N.2.SL.TZ0.1f: State one reason for having a control group.
- 19N.1.SL.TZ0.15: A variety of Pelargonium has yellow leaves. When plants of this variety are crossed, the...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.2a: State the type of inheritance shown.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.7b: Outline how two parents could have a child with any of the four ABO blood groups.
-
18M.2.HL.TZ1.3b.ii:
Outline how it can be shown that the genes for shell base colour (Cc) and presence or absence of bands (Bb) are linked.
-
18N.1.HL.TZ0.11:
The image shows chromosomes from an insect (2 n = 8).
Which pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes of this insect species?
A. c and e
B. a and h
C. f and h
D. a and e
- 18M.1.HL.TZ1.35: What forms when two different chromatids of the same homologous pair cross over? A. Daughter...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
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19N.1.SL.TZ0.14:
A pregnant woman had fetal cells removed by chorionic villus sampling and tested. The following karyogram was produced.
[Source: Mediscan / Alamy Stock Photo]
What does this show?
A. The child is female with Down syndrome.
B. The child is female without Down syndrome.
C. The child is male with Down syndrome.
D. The child is male without Down syndrome.
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21M.1.SL.TZ2.13:
The electron micrograph shows a section through a plant cell.
[Source: Photo © E. Newcomb.]
In which structure(s) is the genome of the cell contained?
A. Z only
B. X, Y and Z only
C. W and X only
D. X and Y only
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22M.2.HL.TZ1.8b:
Describe how DNA profiling can be used to establish paternity.
-
22M.2.SL.TZ1.4b:
Explain the reasons for none of the females in the pedigree chart having hemophilia.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.17: A group of students used quadrat sampling to gather data on the presence of two plant species in...
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22M.2.SL.TZ2.6b:
A family has a history of hemophilia that is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. A woman from this family is a carrier and marries a man who does not have the allele. Showing your working, determine the probability of their children having the disease.
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22M.2.SL.TZ2.7c:
Suggest possible benefits and risks of using genetic modification to develop varieties of crop plant with traits such as drought resistance.
- 18N.2.SL.TZ0.6a: Isolated communities in rural Finland, Hungary and some of the Scottish islands have a high...
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20N.1.HL.TZ0.12:
In DNA profiling, short tandem repeats (STRs) of DNA are used, as these vary a great deal between individuals. Some skin cells were retrieved from a crime scene. Three STR sections of the DNA from these cells, from the victim and from a suspect, were analysed and the results are shown in the table.
What can be concluded from the gel electrophoresis data?
A. The suspect was at the crime scene.
B. The victim has the band moving the least distance.
C. The suspect and the victim have bands moving the same distance.
D. The skin cells have the band moving the greatest distance.
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18M.2.SL.TZ2.6c:
Explain the process of genetically modifying bacteria.
-
21M.2.HL.TZ2.5b:
Outline how sperm are produced from diploid cells in the testis and how this production can be sustained over many decades of adult life.
-
21M.2.HL.TZ2.7a:
Describe the structure of the DNA molecule.
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.15: The children in a family have blood groups A, B and O. What are the genotypes of their...
- 18M.1.SL.TZ1.14: What is the same in all parts of homologous chromosomes? A. Base pair sequence B. Alleles C....
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22M.1.SL.TZ2.16:
A cloning method used for livestock involves in vitro fertilization (IVF) with selected male and female gametes. The diagram shows the steps followed after in vitro fertilization.
[Source: Aldona Griskeviciene / Shutterstock.com.]
What does X represent?
A. A group of eggs
B. An embryo
C. A follicle
D. A group of zygotes
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1c: Identify the process that was used to amplify the targeted genes.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1d: Deduce, with a reason, which gene is first transcribed when exposed to C2.
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19M.1.SL.TZ1.15:
Creeper in chickens is a condition in which the chickens are born with very short legs. The creeper allele (C) is dominant over the normal allele (c). Embryos which are homozygous for the dominant allele fail to develop into viable chickens and die before they hatch. What phenotypic ratio would you expect in the live offspring of a cross between two creeper chickens?
A. All creeper
B. 1 creeper; 2 normal
C. 2 creeper; 1 normal
D. 3 creeper; 1 normal
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19N.1.HL.TZ0.12:
The pedigree chart shows the inheritance of hemophilia in some of the descendants of Queen Victoria. Which letter points to a family member certain to be heterozygous?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
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19M.1.SL.TZ2.13:
The graph shows the incidence of trisomy resulting from non-disjunction in pregnancies at different maternal ages.
[Source: Center for Disease Control]
What can be inferred from the graph?
A. The incidence of three copies of a chromosome increases directly in proportion with the age of the mother.
B. The incidence of three sets of chromosomes increases from age 20.
C. The incidence of three copies of a chromosome increases the most from age 35.
D. The incidence of three sets of chromosomes increases the most from age 30.
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16N.2.SL.TZ0.4b:
Explain reasons that mules cannot reproduce.
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.16: What benefit is derived from the use of Bt crops? A. It can lead to an increase in genetic...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.19: Which statement applies to meiosis and mitosis? A. Meiosis occurs in a greater number of...
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20N.1.HL.TZ0.13:
Testing the chromosomes of a girl with Turner syndrome produced the following karyogram.
[Source: Turner’s syndrome karyotype 45,XO. This female lacks the second X chromosome present in the
normal karyotype. Symptoms include short stature, neck webbing, elbow deformity, widely spaced nipples with shield chest, primary amenorrhea, sexual infantilism and sterility. The ovaries are reduced to fibrous streaks. Also known as XO syndrome or ovarian short-stature syndrome. Credit: Wessex Reg. Genetics Centre. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).]The condition can result from non-disjunction occurring in anaphase I of meiosis in an egg cell. Two cells result from the first division, one of which would lead to Turner syndrome. Which chromosomes will be in the other cell (polar body) at the end of meiosis I?
A. 44 autosomes and X
B. 44 autosomes and XX
C. 22 autosomes and X
D. 22 autosomes and XX
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21N.2.HL.TZ0.2a.i:
Draw a Punnett square to show all the possible genotypes of Queen Victoria’s children.
-
21N.2.SL.TZ0.6b:
Explain the need for halving the chromosome number during a sexual life cycle and how this is done.
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.13: In the pedigree chart, individuals affected by a genetic disease are shown as shaded symbols....
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.7c: Explain the cause of sickle cell anemia and how this disease affects humans.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1e: Outline the additional evidence provided by the gel electrophoresis results shown above.
- 18N.2.HL.TZ0.7a: Isolated communities in rural Finland, Hungary and some of the Scottish islands have a high...
-
19M.1.SL.TZ1.14:
At which stage of meiosis are bivalents formed?
A. Interphase
B. Prophase I
C. Prophase II
D. Metaphase II
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.7a:
Outline the inheritance of blood types in the ABO blood system in humans.
-
20N.2.SL.TZ0.6b:
Outline what occurs in cells in the first division of meiosis.
- 21N.1.SL.TZ0.14: Down syndrome can be detected before birth by chorionic villus sampling. From where are the cells...
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18M.2.HL.TZ2.3b:
The genes for cystic fibrosis and blood group are not linked. Two parents are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis. One parent has blood group O and the other has blood group AB. Using a Punnett square, determine the probability that their child will have both cystic fibrosis and blood group A.
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.15: What are all the possible phenotypes of children born to a mother with blood group AB and a...
-
17M.2.SL.TZ1.5c:
Explain benefits and risks of using genetically modified crops for the environment and also for human health.
-
21M.2.SL.TZ2.2c:
Distinguish between the outcomes of a cell dividing either by mitosis or meiosis.
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.12: Some yeast genes can be replaced by human genes that then continue to produce the same human...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.17: Which process could cause non-disjunction if it occurred during meiosis? A. Sister chromatids do...
- 18M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: Sickle cell anemia is due to a single base substitution in DNA. Using the diagram, outline how...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.1h: Identify, with a reason, the aphids that were most strongly repelled by EBF.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.15: Some breeds of dogs are characterized by the presence of a melanistic mask, which is a darkening...
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.14: A human gene has two alleles. One allele, P, is dominant over the recessive allele p. Embryos...
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.27: Sanger developed a method for determining DNA base sequences using terminating nucleotides called...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.13: A child has blood group A. The father of the child has blood group B. What are the possible...
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.15: What is produced by meiosis in a cell of a male animal? A. Four gametes, each with the same...
- 22M.2.SL.TZ1.7b: Distinguish between the processes of meiosis and mitosis.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.13: Which statement defines alleles? A. They are the different forms of a gene that have the same...
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.15: The pedigree chart shows the inheritance of hemochromatosis, a genetic disease which causes an...
- 16N.2.SL.TZ0.4d: A mule was born at the University of Idaho in the USA with 64 chromosomes. Suggest a mechanism by...
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.12: The image shows the chromosomes in four cells of an insect at the end of meiosis. What is the...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.14: What feature of eukaryotic chromosomes distinguishes them from the chromosomes of...
-
20N.2.HL.TZ0.8c:
Discuss the process, including potential risks and benefits, of using bacteria to genetically modify plant crop species.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.7a: Discuss the role of genes and chromosomes in determining individual and shared character features...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.6b: Identify the chromosome that is affected by a trisomy in this individual, naming the condition...
- 19M.1.HL.TZ1.11: What technique was used by John Cairns to measure the length of the DNA molecule in Escherichia...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.2b: Outline the use of a karyogram during pregnancy.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.2a: Distinguish between the structure of the chromosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.2c.i: Identify, with a reason, the sex of this individual.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.2b: Outline the causes of sickle cell anemia.
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: Identify, with a reason, the sex of this individual.
- 19M.3.SL.TZ2.2b: Determine, with a reason, the nucleotide base that was marked with...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.7b: Mendel found the same pattern of inheritance in all the crosses that he performed. Outline, with...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.1j: Discuss whether natural selection would favour the transgenic EBF-producing thale cress plants if...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1b: Compare and contrast the effects of treatment of the leaves using C1 and C2 with the effects of...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1a: Distinguish between the data for the leaves infested with the armyworm and the leaves infested...
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19M.1.SL.TZ2.16:
Genetically modified maize, called Bt maize, is thought to be affecting the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) in the USA. What is the reason for this?
A. The monarch butterfly feeds on maize nectar, which contains Bt toxin.
B. The monarch caterpillar feeds on maize leaves, which contain Bt toxin.
C. Bt toxin kills the plants that the monarch caterpillar usually eats.
D. Bt toxin is in maize pollen, which blows on to plants that the monarch caterpillar eats.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.13: What distinguishes an allele from a gene? A. An allele is made of RNA. B. An allele is...
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.11: What is the major health issue resulting from the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986? A....
- 19N.2.SL.TZ0.1e: Distinguish between the proportion of ancestral and derived alleles for all three genes in O....
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19M.1.SL.TZ1.13:
The system of sex determination in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) is the same as in other mammals. A chimpanzee has 48 chromosomes in the nuclei of its body cells.
What can be deduced from this information?
A. The sex of the chimpanzee
B. The number of genes in each chromosome
C. Whether non-disjunction has occurred
D. The number of autosomes in a diploid cell
- 19N.1.HL.TZ0.10: Which statements are characteristics of alleles? I. Alleles differ significantly in number of...
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16N.1.SL.TZ0.14:
The diploid number of chromosomes in humans (Homo sapiens) is 46 and the diploid number of chromosomes in rice (Oryza sativa) is 24. What does this indicate about diploid chromosome numbers?
A. Plant species have a lower diploid number of chromosomes than animals.
B. Members of a species have the same diploid number of chromosomes.
C. The evolutionary progress of species is determined by the diploid number of chromosomes.
D. The complexity of the organisms is correlated to the diploid number of chromosomes. -
19M.2.HL.TZ2.1e:
Each gene is activated by one or more of the treatments. From the gel electrophoresis data, discuss the impact of the herbivorous mite infestation on gene activation compared to treatment with C1 and C2.
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.14: Tall heterozygous pea plants were crossed and the resulting seeds grown. Out of 360 plants, 270...
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.6b: Outline the structural and genetic characteristics of eukaryotic chromosomes.
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19M.1.SL.TZ2.8:
Which statement correctly describes genome and proteome?
A. Only the genome but not the proteome can be analysed using gel electrophoresis.
B. The genome and the proteome are the same in all tissues in an organism.
C. In cells of different tissues, the genome is the same while the proteome varies.
D. Only mutations in the proteome but not in the genome cause any variability.
- 19N.2.SL.TZ0.3c: List three characteristics of eukaryotic homologous chromosomes.
- 21M.1.HL.TZ2.10: What is a feature of the human genome? A. Plasmids B. Messenger RNA C. Transfer RNA D....
- 21M.1.HL.TZ2.11: What feature of eukaryotic chromosomes distinguishes them from the chromosomes of...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.15: A woman with blood type A has three children with a man who has blood type AB. The first child...
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.8a:
Outline the process of DNA profiling.
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.26: A DNA profile was made of one individual in a paternity suit. Locus B was used to distinguish...
- 16N.2.SL.TZ0.4a: State the haploid number for horses.
Sub sections and their related questions
3.1 Genes
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.7a: Discuss the role of genes and chromosomes in determining individual and shared character features...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.13: What distinguishes an allele from a gene? A. An allele is made of RNA. B. An allele is...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4a.ii: Identify one type of gene mutation.
-
17N.3.HL.TZ0.03b:
Some regions of DNA act as telomeres or produce tRNA. State one other function of DNA sequences that do not code for protein.
- 18M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: Sickle cell anemia is due to a single base substitution in DNA. Using the diagram, outline how...
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.12: Some yeast genes can be replaced by human genes that then continue to produce the same human...
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.13: What determines the genomic size of a species? A. The total amount of DNA B. The total number...
-
19M.1.SL.TZ1.13:
The system of sex determination in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) is the same as in other mammals. A chimpanzee has 48 chromosomes in the nuclei of its body cells.
What can be deduced from this information?
A. The sex of the chimpanzee
B. The number of genes in each chromosome
C. Whether non-disjunction has occurred
D. The number of autosomes in a diploid cell
-
19M.1.SL.TZ2.8:
Which statement correctly describes genome and proteome?
A. Only the genome but not the proteome can be analysed using gel electrophoresis.
B. The genome and the proteome are the same in all tissues in an organism.
C. In cells of different tissues, the genome is the same while the proteome varies.
D. Only mutations in the proteome but not in the genome cause any variability.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.2b: Outline the causes of sickle cell anemia.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.7c: Explain the cause of sickle cell anemia and how this disease affects humans.
-
19N.2.SL.TZ0.1d:
State the proportion of the ancestral allele for the gene GS3 in the O. rufipogon-III population.
- 19N.2.SL.TZ0.1e: Distinguish between the proportion of ancestral and derived alleles for all three genes in O....
- 19N.2.SL.TZ0.1f: State one reason for having a control group.
- 19N.1.HL.TZ0.10: Which statements are characteristics of alleles? I. Alleles differ significantly in number of...
- 20N.2.SL.TZ0.4b.i: Define mutation.
-
21M.1.SL.TZ2.13:
The electron micrograph shows a section through a plant cell.
[Source: Photo © E. Newcomb.]
In which structure(s) is the genome of the cell contained?
A. Z only
B. X, Y and Z only
C. W and X only
D. X and Y only
- 21M.1.HL.TZ2.10: What is a feature of the human genome? A. Plasmids B. Messenger RNA C. Transfer RNA D....
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.13: The table shows the estimated total number of genes in several organisms. What can be deduced...
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.13: Which statement defines alleles? A. They are the different forms of a gene that have the same...
- 22M.2.HL.TZ1.4a: State the level of protein structure at which the polypeptide chains of hemoglobin are combined.
-
22M.2.HL.TZ1.4c:
Outline the role of tRNA in hemoglobin synthesis.
3.2 Chromosomes
-
16N.1.SL.TZ0.14:
The diploid number of chromosomes in humans (Homo sapiens) is 46 and the diploid number of chromosomes in rice (Oryza sativa) is 24. What does this indicate about diploid chromosome numbers?
A. Plant species have a lower diploid number of chromosomes than animals.
B. Members of a species have the same diploid number of chromosomes.
C. The evolutionary progress of species is determined by the diploid number of chromosomes.
D. The complexity of the organisms is correlated to the diploid number of chromosomes. - 16N.2.SL.TZ0.4a: State the haploid number for horses.
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.7a: Discuss the role of genes and chromosomes in determining individual and shared character features...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.14: Which is a characteristic of the pairs of sister chromatids that are visible during meiosis? A....
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.17: Which is a characteristic of the haploid number of eukaryotic chromosomes? A. It doubles in...
-
17N.1.HL.TZ0.10:
The image shows a karyogram.
[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karyotype_of_sheep_(Ovis_aries).png, by M. Singh, X. Ma, E. Amoah and G. Kannan]
What information can be determined from this karyogram?
A. The sex is female.
B. The haploid number is 54.
C. Disjunction occurred during meiosis.
D. The species is not human.
- 18M.1.SL.TZ1.14: What is the same in all parts of homologous chromosomes? A. Base pair sequence B. Alleles C....
- 18M.2.SL.TZ2.2b.ii: Distinguish between the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.16: For what purpose is a karyogram used? A. To identify gene loci in a species B. To identify...
-
18N.1.HL.TZ0.11:
The image shows chromosomes from an insect (2 n = 8).
Which pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes of this insect species?
A. c and e
B. a and h
C. f and h
D. a and e
- 19M.1.HL.TZ1.11: What technique was used by John Cairns to measure the length of the DNA molecule in Escherichia...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.6a: Identify, with a reason, the sex of this individual.
- 19M.2.SL.TZ1.6b: Identify the chromosome that is affected by a trisomy in this individual, naming the condition...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.2b: Outline the use of a karyogram during pregnancy.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.2a: Distinguish between the structure of the chromosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.2c.i: Identify, with a reason, the sex of this individual.
- 19M.3.SL.TZ2.2a: Estimate the length of the molecule of DNA shown in the autoradiogram between the two...
- 19M.3.SL.TZ2.2b: Determine, with a reason, the nucleotide base that was marked with...
- 19N.2.SL.TZ0.3c: List three characteristics of eukaryotic homologous chromosomes.
-
19N.1.SL.TZ0.14:
A pregnant woman had fetal cells removed by chorionic villus sampling and tested. The following karyogram was produced.
[Source: Mediscan / Alamy Stock Photo]
What does this show?
A. The child is female with Down syndrome.
B. The child is female without Down syndrome.
C. The child is male with Down syndrome.
D. The child is male without Down syndrome.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.6b: Outline the structural and genetic characteristics of eukaryotic chromosomes.
-
20N.1.HL.TZ0.13:
Testing the chromosomes of a girl with Turner syndrome produced the following karyogram.
[Source: Turner’s syndrome karyotype 45,XO. This female lacks the second X chromosome present in the
normal karyotype. Symptoms include short stature, neck webbing, elbow deformity, widely spaced nipples with shield chest, primary amenorrhea, sexual infantilism and sterility. The ovaries are reduced to fibrous streaks. Also known as XO syndrome or ovarian short-stature syndrome. Credit: Wessex Reg. Genetics Centre. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).]The condition can result from non-disjunction occurring in anaphase I of meiosis in an egg cell. Two cells result from the first division, one of which would lead to Turner syndrome. Which chromosomes will be in the other cell (polar body) at the end of meiosis I?
A. 44 autosomes and X
B. 44 autosomes and XX
C. 22 autosomes and X
D. 22 autosomes and XX
-
21M.1.SL.TZ1.17:
A two-cell sea urchin (Echinoidea) embryo was physically separated by scientists into two cells. Each cell, through further embryonic development, became an adult sea urchin.
[Source: Clker-Free-Vector-Images/Pixabay.]
What is the relationship between the two adult sea urchins?
A. They are equivalent to non-identical twins.
B. Half of the genes would be the same.
C. Both adults would have haploid cells.
D. They are clones.
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.14: What feature of eukaryotic chromosomes distinguishes them from the chromosomes of...
-
21M.2.HL.TZ2.7a:
Describe the structure of the DNA molecule.
- 21M.1.HL.TZ2.11: What feature of eukaryotic chromosomes distinguishes them from the chromosomes of...
-
21M.1.HL.TZ2.12:
The image shows tetrads in the anther of a lily. A tetrad is a group of four cells, produced when one mother cell divides by meiosis. The tetrad indicated by the arrow contains a total of 48 chromosomes.
[Source: [Tetrad], 2012. [image online] Available at: https://www.iasprr.org/old/iasprr-pix/lily/tetrad.jpg [accessed: 4 April 2019]. Photo courtesy of Professor Scott D. Russell.]
What is the diploid number of the plant?
A. 12
B. 24
C. 48
D. 96
-
21N.1.SL.TZ0.13:
John Cairns used the technique of autoradiography to produce photographs of DNA from the bacterium E. coli.
[Source: © Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Autoradiography of bacterium E. coli DNA - micrograph, The Chromosome of
Escherichia coli Cairns, J.P., 1963. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia, Quantitative Biology, 28(44).]Which conclusion was drawn from his experiments?
A. The DNA in all organisms is circular.
B. DNA in E. coli naturally contains thymidine.
C. DNA replication is conservative.
D. The DNA in E. coli is 900 μm in length.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.14: Chromosome numbers vary between species. Which statement refers to humans? A. An egg cell has 22...
-
22M.1.SL.TZ2.14:
The karyogram shown belongs to a human being.
[Source: Reproduced from Tennakoon J, Kandasamy Y, Alcock G, Koh TH. Edwards syndrome with double trisomy. Singapore Med J. 2008 Jul;49(7):e190-1. PMID: 18695855.]
What can be deduced from this karyogram?
A. The person is a male with Down syndrome.
B. The person is a female with Down syndrome.
C. The person is a male with a genetic disorder.
D. The person is a female with a missing chromosome.
- 22M.1.HL.TZ2.10: Where can the entire genome of an organism be found? A. In the DNA present in plasmids of a...
-
22M.2.HL.TZ2.2b.ii:
Explain Cairns’s technique to measure the length of the DNA molecule.
3.3 Meiosis
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.13: What description is matched with the correct phase in meiosis I?
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.14: The micrographs show four different phases from meiosis II. What is the correct order? A....
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.16: During which phase of the first division of meiosis can non-disjunction take place and what...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.14: Which is a characteristic of the pairs of sister chromatids that are visible during meiosis? A....
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
- 18M.1.SL.TZ1.15: What helps make the genome of each human unique?
- 18M.1.HL.TZ1.35: What forms when two different chromatids of the same homologous pair cross over? A. Daughter...
- 18M.2.HL.TZ2.3a.i: The micrograph shows a plant cell of Lilium grandiflorum during meiosis. Identify, giving...
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.14: What happens during meiosis I and meiosis II?
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.17: Which process could cause non-disjunction if it occurred during meiosis? A. Sister chromatids do...
-
19M.1.SL.TZ1.14:
At which stage of meiosis are bivalents formed?
A. Interphase
B. Prophase I
C. Prophase II
D. Metaphase II
-
19M.1.SL.TZ2.13:
The graph shows the incidence of trisomy resulting from non-disjunction in pregnancies at different maternal ages.
[Source: Center for Disease Control]
What can be inferred from the graph?
A. The incidence of three copies of a chromosome increases directly in proportion with the age of the mother.
B. The incidence of three sets of chromosomes increases from age 20.
C. The incidence of three copies of a chromosome increases the most from age 35.
D. The incidence of three sets of chromosomes increases the most from age 30.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ1.2c.ii: State the haploid number for this nucleus.
-
20N.2.SL.TZ0.6b:
Outline what occurs in cells in the first division of meiosis.
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.19: Which statement applies to meiosis and mitosis? A. Meiosis occurs in a greater number of...
-
21M.2.SL.TZ2.2c:
Distinguish between the outcomes of a cell dividing either by mitosis or meiosis.
- 21N.1.SL.TZ0.14: Down syndrome can be detected before birth by chorionic villus sampling. From where are the cells...
-
21N.2.SL.TZ0.6b:
Explain the need for halving the chromosome number during a sexual life cycle and how this is done.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.15: What is produced by meiosis in a cell of a male animal? A. Four gametes, each with the same...
- 22M.2.SL.TZ1.7b: Distinguish between the processes of meiosis and mitosis.
- 22M.1.HL.TZ1.12: Which process occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? A. Attachment of spindle fibres to the...
3.4 Inheritance
- 16N.1.HL.TZ0.11: What is the major health issue resulting from the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986? A....
-
16N.2.SL.TZ0.4b:
Explain reasons that mules cannot reproduce.
- 16N.2.SL.TZ0.4d: A mule was born at the University of Idaho in the USA with 64 chromosomes. Suggest a mechanism by...
-
16N.2.HL.TZ0.5a:
Using the pedigree chart, deduce the type of allele that causes hypophosphatemia.
- 16N.2.HL.TZ0.5b: Identify the genotype of the individual marked with a star in the pedigree chart, using...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.13: A child has blood group A. The father of the child has blood group B. What are the possible...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.11: What proves that the inheritance of the condition shown in this pedigree chart is autosomal...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.15: Some breeds of dogs are characterized by the presence of a melanistic mask, which is a darkening...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.16: The diagram shows a pedigree of cystic fibrosis, in which the black colour indicates the presence...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
- 17M.2.SL.TZ2.4a.i: State one type of environmental factor that may increase the mutation rate of a gene.
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.16: An allele for lactase persistence allows humans to digest milk as adults. People who lack this...
- 17N.1.HL.TZ0.12: A dominant autosomal allele for lactase persistence allows humans to digest milk as adults....
- 18M.1.SL.TZ1.21: What explains the presence in living humans of DNA sections which are identical to DNA found in...
- 18M.1.HL.TZ1.40: What contributes to the total DNA content of a zygote?
- 18M.2.SL.TZ1.3a: Using the Punnett grid, explain how two parents can have children with any of the different ABO...
-
18M.2.HL.TZ1.3b.i:
Distinguish between sex-linked genes and genes with linked loci.
-
18M.2.HL.TZ1.3b.ii:
Outline how it can be shown that the genes for shell base colour (Cc) and presence or absence of bands (Bb) are linked.
-
18M.2.HL.TZ2.3b:
The genes for cystic fibrosis and blood group are not linked. Two parents are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis. One parent has blood group O and the other has blood group AB. Using a Punnett square, determine the probability that their child will have both cystic fibrosis and blood group A.
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.15: What is the percentage risk of a child inheriting Huntington’s disease if only one parent has the...
-
18M.1.HL.TZ2.20:
Nail patella syndrome is a rare disease that causes abnormalities of the nails and some bones. Its alleles are linked to the blood group alleles on the same chromosome. The pedigree chart shows the inheritance of these two characteristics over three generations.
[Source: Copyright © 1998. Phillip McClean]
Which descendant represents a recombinant phenotype?
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.12: The image shows the chromosomes in four cells of an insect at the end of meiosis. What is the...
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.14: A human gene has two alleles. One allele, P, is dominant over the recessive allele p. Embryos...
- 18N.1.SL.TZ0.15: In cats, black coat colour is dominant over gray. A female black cat, whose mother is gray, mates...
- 18N.2.SL.TZ0.6a: Isolated communities in rural Finland, Hungary and some of the Scottish islands have a high...
- 18N.2.HL.TZ0.7a: Isolated communities in rural Finland, Hungary and some of the Scottish islands have a high...
-
19M.1.SL.TZ1.15:
Creeper in chickens is a condition in which the chickens are born with very short legs. The creeper allele (C) is dominant over the normal allele (c). Embryos which are homozygous for the dominant allele fail to develop into viable chickens and die before they hatch. What phenotypic ratio would you expect in the live offspring of a cross between two creeper chickens?
A. All creeper
B. 1 creeper; 2 normal
C. 2 creeper; 1 normal
D. 3 creeper; 1 normal
-
19M.1.SL.TZ1.16:
Which pedigree chart is consistent with the inheritance of red-green colour blindness?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
-
19M.1.SL.TZ2.14:
The pedigree chart shows a family affected by cystic fibrosis.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
What is the genotype of the affected boy’s father?
A. AA only
B. Either AA or Aa
C. Aa only
D. aa only
- 19M.1.SL.TZ2.15: The children in a family have blood groups A, B and O. What are the genotypes of their...
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.4b: Explain one cause of mutation.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.7b: Mendel found the same pattern of inheritance in all the crosses that he performed. Outline, with...
- 19N.2.SL.TZ0.6b: Outline how two parents could have a child with any of the four ABO blood groups.
- 19N.1.SL.TZ0.15: A variety of Pelargonium has yellow leaves. When plants of this variety are crossed, the...
-
19N.1.SL.TZ0.16:
A pair of alleles controls the secretion of antigens corresponding to blood group in saliva. Examine the pedigree chart.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
Based on this pedigree chart, which best describes the allele conferring antigen secretion in saliva?
A. Dominant
B. Recessive
C. Sex-linked
D. Co-dominant
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.2a: State the type of inheritance shown.
- 19N.2.HL.TZ0.7b: Outline how two parents could have a child with any of the four ABO blood groups.
-
19N.1.HL.TZ0.12:
The pedigree chart shows the inheritance of hemophilia in some of the descendants of Queen Victoria. Which letter points to a family member certain to be heterozygous?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.13: In the pedigree chart, individuals affected by a genetic disease are shown as shaded symbols....
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.14: Tall heterozygous pea plants were crossed and the resulting seeds grown. Out of 360 plants, 270...
- 20N.1.SL.TZ0.15: What are all the possible phenotypes of children born to a mother with blood group AB and a...
- 21M.1.SL.TZ1.18: Which genotype would be normally found in a gamete? A. Rr B. RS C. rStt D. TUt
-
21M.2.HL.TZ1.7a:
Outline the inheritance of blood types in the ABO blood system in humans.
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.15: A woman with blood type A has three children with a man who has blood type AB. The first child...
-
21M.2.HL.TZ2.5b:
Outline how sperm are produced from diploid cells in the testis and how this production can be sustained over many decades of adult life.
- 21N.1.SL.TZ0.15: In humans, male pattern baldness is caused by a recessive sex-linked gene found only on the X...
- 21N.1.HL.TZ1.12: Huntington’s disease can develop in middle age and leads to death of brain cells. It is carried...
-
21N.2.HL.TZ0.2a.i:
Draw a Punnett square to show all the possible genotypes of Queen Victoria’s children.
- 21N.2.HL.TZ0.2a.ii: Deduce the genotype of Queen Victoria’s daughter Alice.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ1.16: Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant genetic disease. What are the chances of two...
- 22M.2.SL.TZ1.4a: State the probability that Edward had hemophilia.
-
22M.2.SL.TZ1.4b:
Explain the reasons for none of the females in the pedigree chart having hemophilia.
-
22M.2.SL.TZ2.6b:
A family has a history of hemophilia that is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. A woman from this family is a carrier and marries a man who does not have the allele. Showing your working, determine the probability of their children having the disease.
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.15: The pedigree chart shows the inheritance of hemochromatosis, a genetic disease which causes an...
- 22M.1.SL.TZ2.17: A group of students used quadrat sampling to gather data on the presence of two plant species in...
3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
- 16N.1.SL.TZ0.13: What is produced by somatic-cell nuclear transfer? A. Adult sheepB. Cloned embryosC. Rooted...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
- 17M.1.HL.TZ1.26: A DNA profile was made of one individual in a paternity suit. Locus B was used to distinguish...
- 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
-
17M.2.SL.TZ1.5c:
Explain benefits and risks of using genetically modified crops for the environment and also for human health.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1e: Outline the additional evidence provided by the gel electrophoresis results shown above.
- 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
- 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
- 17M.1.HL.TZ2.21: Which is a possible risk associated with a genetic modification of crops? A. Crop plants will...
- 17N.1.SL.TZ0.15: HindIII is an endonuclease that recognizes the sequence A A G C T T, cutting between the two...
- 17N.2.SL.TZ0.02c: State an application of plasmids in biotechnology.
- 17N.2.SL.TZ0.06c: Outline natural methods of cloning in some eukaryotes.
-
18M.2.SL.TZ2.6c:
Explain the process of genetically modifying bacteria.
- 18M.1.SL.TZ2.16: Which technique is used to amplify very small samples of DNA? A. Cloning B. Gel...
- 18M.1.HL.TZ2.19: Which technique is used to amplify very small samples of DNA? A. Cloning B. Gel...
-
18N.1.SL.TZ0.16:
The image shows the results of Griffith’s experiment with S and R strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice (Mus musculus).
What is an explanation for the results?
A. Mice vary in their resistance to bacteria.
B. The R strain and S strain mated.
C. R strain bacteria are more heat-stable than S strain.
D. DNA was transferred from heat-killed S cells to R cells.
-
18N.1.HL.TZ0.14:
Ampicillin (Amp) is an antibiotic. A plasmid carrying a gene for Amp resistance was used to transform bacteria in a tube of broth. A control tube without plasmid was also produced. The results were plated as shown. Which plate has only colonies of transformed bacteria?
- 18N.1.HL.TZ0.27: Sanger developed a method for determining DNA base sequences using terminating nucleotides called...
-
19M.1.SL.TZ2.16:
Genetically modified maize, called Bt maize, is thought to be affecting the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) in the USA. What is the reason for this?
A. The monarch butterfly feeds on maize nectar, which contains Bt toxin.
B. The monarch caterpillar feeds on maize leaves, which contain Bt toxin.
C. Bt toxin kills the plants that the monarch caterpillar usually eats.
D. Bt toxin is in maize pollen, which blows on to plants that the monarch caterpillar eats.
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.1h: Identify, with a reason, the aphids that were most strongly repelled by EBF.
-
19M.2.SL.TZ2.1i:
Outline the conclusions that can be drawn from the data in the graph for the group of aphids fed for three generations on transgenic thale cress plants (T).
- 19M.2.SL.TZ2.1j: Discuss whether natural selection would favour the transgenic EBF-producing thale cress plants if...
-
19M.1.HL.TZ2.22:
Two restriction endonucleases (EcoRI and BamHI) were used to cut a DNA sample into smaller fragments. These were then subjected to gel electrophoresis and the results are shown. The lengths of the DNA fragments are measured in kilobases (kb). One kilobase is 1000 DNA bases.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
Which statement is supported by the data?
A. The DNA sample is approximately 16 kb in size.
B. Each endonuclease produces a 2 kb fragment.
C. Both endonucleases produce the same number of fragments.
D. The fragments produced using both endonucleases are all different from those produced by the individual endonucleases.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1a: Distinguish between the data for the leaves infested with the armyworm and the leaves infested...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1b: Compare and contrast the effects of treatment of the leaves using C1 and C2 with the effects of...
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1c: Identify the process that was used to amplify the targeted genes.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1d: Deduce, with a reason, which gene is first transcribed when exposed to C2.
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19M.2.HL.TZ2.1e:
Each gene is activated by one or more of the treatments. From the gel electrophoresis data, discuss the impact of the herbivorous mite infestation on gene activation compared to treatment with C1 and C2.
- 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1f: Using the gene activation data, deduce, giving two reasons, whether the armyworm or the...
- 19N.1.SL.TZ0.17: What is PCR used for? A. Separate fragments of DNA by size B. Amplify small amounts of DNA C....
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20N.2.HL.TZ0.8c:
Discuss the process, including potential risks and benefits, of using bacteria to genetically modify plant crop species.
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20N.1.HL.TZ0.12:
In DNA profiling, short tandem repeats (STRs) of DNA are used, as these vary a great deal between individuals. Some skin cells were retrieved from a crime scene. Three STR sections of the DNA from these cells, from the victim and from a suspect, were analysed and the results are shown in the table.
What can be concluded from the gel electrophoresis data?
A. The suspect was at the crime scene.
B. The victim has the band moving the least distance.
C. The suspect and the victim have bands moving the same distance.
D. The skin cells have the band moving the greatest distance.
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21M.2.HL.TZ1.8a:
Outline the process of DNA profiling.
- 21M.1.SL.TZ2.16: What benefit is derived from the use of Bt crops? A. It can lead to an increase in genetic...
- 21N.1.SL.TZ0.16: The image shows the result of DNA profiling of a mother, a child and four men. Which man is most...
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21N.1.HL.TZ1.13:
A nucleus was removed from a cell of sheep P and fused with a denucleated egg cell of sheep Q. This was transplanted into the uterus of sheep R, which gave birth to Dolly.
[Source: Photo courtesy of The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Scotland, UK, n.d. Dolly the Sheep
in a field at The Roslin Institute. [image online] Available at: https://www.livescience.com/57961-dolly-the-sheepannouncement-
20-year-anniversary.html [Accessed 23 March 2020].]Which describes Dolly?
A. A clone of sheep P, because Dolly was formed from the nucleus of its udder cell
B. A clone of sheep Q, because Dolly was formed from one of its egg cells
C. A clone of sheep R, because Dolly developed in its uterus
D. Not a proper clone, as more than one sheep was involved in the development
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22M.2.SL.TZ2.7c:
Suggest possible benefits and risks of using genetic modification to develop varieties of crop plant with traits such as drought resistance.
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22M.1.SL.TZ2.16:
A cloning method used for livestock involves in vitro fertilization (IVF) with selected male and female gametes. The diagram shows the steps followed after in vitro fertilization.
[Source: Aldona Griskeviciene / Shutterstock.com.]
What does X represent?
A. A group of eggs
B. An embryo
C. A follicle
D. A group of zygotes
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22M.2.HL.TZ1.8b:
Describe how DNA profiling can be used to establish paternity.