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Date	November 2018	Marks available	2	Reference code	18N.2.SL.TZ0.1
Level	Standard level	Paper	Paper 2	Time zone	TZ0 / no time zone
Command term	Compare and contrast	Question number	1	Adapted from	N/A

Question

Trends in tobacco smoking and mortality due to lung cancer were measured in male and female smokers aged 35 to 59 living in the United Kingdom from 1950 to 2000. The first graph represents the proportion of smokers in the population. The second graph represents the mortality rate (deaths per year per 100 000 people) from lung cancer.

The incidence of lung cancer in 75-year-old males was studied comparing current smokers, former smokers and non-smokers.

Calculate the change in the percentage of the male population that smoked from 1950 to 2000.

[1]

a.

Compare and contrast the trends in smoking behaviour between males and females between 1950 and 2000.

[2]

b.

Evaluate the evidence provided by the data in the graphs for smoking as a cause of lung cancer.

[3]

c.

Describe the relationship between the incidence of lung cancer and stopping smoking.

[2]

d.

Explain evidence from the data in the table that could be used to persuade a smoker to give up smoking.

[2]

e.

Among 75-year-old lifelong non-smokers the percentage incidence of lung cancer was 0.01 %. Suggest one possible cause of lung cancer in non-smokers.

[1]

f.

State two respiratory diseases, other than lung cancer, caused by smoking.

[2]

g.

Markscheme

«−» 44 «%» ✔

Allow answers in the range of 43 «%» to 45 «%»

a.

Similarity:

a. both show an overall decrease
OR
both decrease after 1970 ✔

Difference:

b. proportion of male smokers is always higher than female
OR
men decrease more
OR
women first increase «till 1970» and then decrease whereas men decrease throughout
OR
males highest value in 1950 and females in 1970 ✔

There should be one similarity and one difference

b.

a. more smoking leads to more deaths
OR
there is a correlation between smoking and deaths from lung cancer ✔

b. «nevertheless» male mortality peaks in 1960 when declining numbers of smoking ✔

c. cancer takes time to develop causing delay between changes in smoking and cancer ✔

d. correlation does not prove causation ✔

e. the data shows deaths from lung cancer, not incidence ✔

c.

a. highest incidence with continual smoking ✔

b. negative correlation/incidence decreases with length of time not smoking ✔

c. decrease «in incidence» occurs at less than 10 years since stopping smoking ✔

d. after 30 years incidence is not much more than non-smokers ✔

d.

a. incidence of lung cancer decreases the earlier the smoker gives up smoking ✔

b. continuing smoking increases incidence of lung cancer ✔

c. after 30 years of not smoking the risk of lung cancer is low/similar to non-smokers ✔

Accept vice versa

e.

passive smoking/second hand smoke/exposure to radon/asbestos/pollution/smog/genetic predisposition ✔

f.

a. emphysema ✔

b. bronchitis ✔

c. COPD ✔

d. asthma ✔

e. pneumonia ✔

Only mark first two

g.

Examiners report

[N/A]

a.

[N/A]

b.

[N/A]

c.

[N/A]

d.

[N/A]

e.

[N/A]

f.

[N/A]

g.

Syllabus sections

Core » Topic 6: Human physiology » 6.4 Gas exchange

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Core » Topic 6: Human physiology