Examine the reasons for political instability in France during the reign of Louis XVIII.

Candidates should consider the range of factors that contributed to political instability in France between 1814–1824. During the first restoration, Louis XVIII’s policies were not always popular, he guaranteed property rights even of church and émigré land. The parliamentary system was based on royal prerogative and he adopted the Bourbon flag, but this failed to reconcile Bonapartists contributing to support for Napoleon upon his return from Elba. It could be argued the 100 Days increased political divisions as it was followed by a White Terror with the execution of Ney and many other Bonapartists. The Chamber of 1815 was dominated by Ultras. However, some reforms were made (a liberal press and electoral law) between 1816 and 1820. But, after the murder of the Duc de Berry, fear of revolution and fear of Bonapartists led to the Ultras forcing reactionary policies on the King. The main reason for instability were the tensions between moderates and Ultras and the divisions between Royalists, Bonapartists, and Republicans. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates consider the reasons for political instability in France during the reign of Louis XVIII.