Evaluate the importance of social and political organization to the rise of the Sotho.

The question requires that candidates make an appraisal of the importance of social and political organization to the rise of the Sotho, weighing up the strengths and limitations of both factors. Candidates may offer equal coverage of social and political organization, or they may prioritize their evaluation of either. However, both aspects will be a feature of the response. Candidates may refer to the role of Moshoeshoe as a leader and diplomat. He offered sanctuary to groups fleeing the Difaqane, used the pitso to consult with Sotho elders before making important political decisions, and preserved Basotho independence by combining resistance with wily diplomacy with the Boers and the British. Social traditions, such as initiation ceremonies and age grades, were promoted as a way of strengthening cultural identity. Moshoeshoe encouraged the activity of French missionaries, who brought with them education and healthcare. Other relevant factors may be addressed, such as economic factors, but with a focus on the issue in the question. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

This question was attempted by a fair number of candidates and many of them produced responses that indicated an understanding of the demands of the question. Some candidates did not display the breadth and depth of knowledge that would have produced excellent response but overall, the level of response was quite reasonable.