Evaluate the reasons for the success of the First Crusade (1096–1099).

Candidates will make an appraisal of the reasons for the success of the First Crusade. Reasons may predate the timeframe but must be clearly linked to the issue raised in the question. Candidates may evaluate the military and logistical assistance provided by the Byzantine Empire, the military skills of the Crusaders, particularly in siege warfare, and the quality of military leaders in developing strategy and tactics. In addition, the high morale of the Crusaders, inspired by religious dedication, allowed them to persevere and overcome the numerous hardships experienced during the campaign. The financial assistance and transportation provided by Genoa and other Italian cities was crucial to success. The internal weakness of the ‘Abbasid Empire and conflicts between individual Muslim states and rulers also played a key role, as opposition to the Crusaders was greatly weakened. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.