Evaluate the importance of leadership in determining the outcome of the Third Crusade (1189–1192).

The question requires that candidates make an appraisal of the reasons for the outcome of the Third Crusade (1189–1192), weighing up the strengths and limitations or otherwise of leadership as the determining factor. Candidates may refer to the skills and influence of Saladin as a strategist and inspirational leader and Richard I as a skilled military leader. The death of Frederick Barbarossa and the departure of Phillip II limited Western strength and co-operation. Strategic disputes amongst the Christian leaders were also a cause of weakness. Other relevant factors may be addressed, for example, increased Muslim unity and strength; lack of support from Europe for the Crusade; poor relations with the Byzantine Empire; weakness and divisions in the Crusader states and the difficult physical environment. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.