“Henry II’s campaigns in Europe were defensive rather than aggressive.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

The question requires that candidates consider the merits or otherwise of the view that Henry II’s military campaigns in Europe were defensive. Candidates may discuss the extent of Henry’s territory on the continent, however, the main focus should be the nature of the campaigns. Reasons for these campaigns varied, in some cases it was to acquire more territory (Toulouse, the Vexin and in Brittany where he was trying to gain territory for his son Geoffrey) therefore clearly offensive. At times his campaigns were arguably to clarify his relative strength in relationship to Louis VII so neither offensive nor defensive. Defensive campaigns could be considered to be in Brittany to secure his borders, to defend his inheritance from his brother Geoffrey and later, during the Great Revolt (the disputes with his sons), to defend his position as King. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates consider the merits or otherwise of the view that Henry ll's military campaigns in Europe were defensive.