| Date | May 2021 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 21M.1.BP.TZ0.9 |
| Level | Both SL and HL | Paper | Paper 1 - first exams 2017 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | What | Question number | 9 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Source I Benito Mussolini, Italian Prime Minister, in a speech delivered during a state visit to Germany (29 September 1937).
Fascism and Nazism express the parallel historical situations which link the life of our nations …
The Rome–Berlin Axis is not directed at other states, because we, Nazis and Fascists alike, want peace and are always ready to work for a real fruitful [productive] peace which does not ignore but resolves the problems of the coexistence of peoples …
Not only have Nazism and Fascism everywhere the same enemies who serve the same masters, the Third International, but they share many conceptions of life and history. Both believe in violence as a force determining the life of peoples, as a dynamo [driving force] of their history, and hence reject the doctrines of the so-called historical materialism and their political and philosophical by-products. Both of us exalt at [glorify] work in its countless manifestations as the sign of nobility of man; both of us count on youth, from which we demand the virtues of discipline, courage, tenacity and patriotism.
[Source: Griffin, R., Fascism, Introduction, selection and editorial matter © Rodger Griffin 1995, Reproduced with permission of the Licensor through PLSclear.]
Source J Paul Ordner, a French artist, depicts Hitler and Mussolini in the cartoon “Les Semeurs” (The Sowers) for the French satirical magazine Le Rire (28 April 1939). The caption reads “What will the harvest be!”
[Source: Ordner, P., 1939. Les Semeurs. Chronicle / Alamy Stock Photo.]
What, according to Source I, did Fascism and Nazism have in common?
What does Source J suggest about the foreign policies of Italy and Germany?
Markscheme
- They both desired peace.
- They had common enemies.
- Both believed violence was a determining force.
- Both counted on the youth.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [3].
- They had similar foreign policies.
- Their foreign policies were aggressive.
- Their policies could result in war.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [2].
Examiners report
Most candidates were able to identify three distinct points for the given source in each of the prescribed topics, and there were a number of valid points that could be drawn. Nevertheless, some candidates offered only two points and there were again a few that made only one limited point. In a small minority of responses there was a lack of focus on the question and extensive background or contextual material was given.
As with the first part of this question, many candidates were awarded full marks as they offered two valid points in response to what the visual source revealed. For example, for 9b) that the foreign policies of Italy and Germany were similar and that these were aggressive. In 13b) many candidates suggested that the cartoon revealed that the struggle for civil rights faced violence and that law enforcement took part in brutal attacks. However, some candidates offered just one overall point.
