Discuss the consequences of the “Columbian Exchange” in the Americas.

Candidates will offer a considered and balanced review of the consequences produced by the Columbian Exchange. While both beneficial and detrimental effects are relevant, consequences should be limited to impact in the Americas. Transfer of disease was largely an asymmetrical exchange, leading to catastrophic mortality rates up to 90 per cent that weakened resistance to invasion and led to the introduction and growth of slave labour. Introduction of sugar cane and cotton also contributed to the growth of slavery and produced harmful ecological effects. Technological exchange included European weaponry that altered hunting and gathering techniques and changed conflict resolution methods for indigenous people. Cultural exchange included Spanish attempts to encourage and/or impose Catholicism which often produced conflict and the loss of cultural diversity. These and many other consequences are relevant.