| Date | November 2016 | Marks available | 20 | Reference code | 16N.3op2.HL.TZ0.7 |
| Level | Higher level only | Paper | Paper 3 (History of the Americas) | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | Discuss | Question number | 7 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Discuss the influence of neocolonialism in the development of two nations in the Americas between 1865 and 1929.
Markscheme
Candidates are required to offer a considered and balanced review of the impact of neocolonialism on two countries in the region in the given period. Neocolonialism suggests that while countries achieved nominal political independence, their economies continued to follow models of colonialism. Thus, economic development was based on primary export economies and remained dependent on conditions and policies of countries outside the region.
Indicative content
Economic influence
- It contributed to an export boom in, for example, sugar, coffee and minerals, and it led to the development of cash crop economies in many countries.
- It promoted foreign investment in infrastructure, for example, in railroads and communications.
- In some areas estate values soared, which benefitted large landowners.
- Foreign companies, such as fruit companies, established themselves in many countries, and even low managerial levels were occupied by foreigners.
- Industrial development was still limited.
Political influence
- An amount of political stability was achieved, but managed elections and fraud prevailed.
- In some countries, Mexico, Chile and Argentina for example, the urban middle class began to demand greater political participation.
- The US increased its influence in the region intervening in Cuba, Panama, Mexico and several other Central American and Caribbean countries.
Social influence
- There was internal rural migration and foreign migrations to cities.
- Bureaucracy grew as did the urban middle class.
- Foreign cultural influence could be seen in areas such as education, arts and fashion.
- It could be argued that neocolonialism reinforced social stratification.
- Indigenous populations and peasants saw limited improvement in their lives. Many became landless peasants as a result of the economic policies.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, the list is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.
Examiners are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.
[20 marks]
