“While there was limited political change, there was significant economic development in Spain in the period from 1939 to 1975.” Discuss.

The main focus of the question is the political and economic developments in Spain during the Franco regime. Candidates must offer a considered and balanced review of the nature of politics throughout the period and some may argue that the regime became less repressive by the 1970s but was still essentially authoritarian and undemocratic. However, the economy developed significantly from a limited industrial base in the 1940s and 1950s to a major industrial economy by the late 1960s.

Indicative content

Politics

• The state was authoritarian and repressive in the post-Civil War period as opposition groups were either imprisoned or executed on a significant scale. Franco was the dominant political figure, acting as Head of State for life (1947 Law of Succession).
• The Falange Española Tradicionalista, FET (Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx) was the only political grouping allowed to function. Trade unions were banned and many opposition political leaders were exiled. Franco relied on the support of the Church, the Army and armed police (Guardia Civil) to maintain control. In 1969, Prince Juan Carlos was designated Franco’s heir.
• By the late 1960s there was some relaxation of censorship and some unionization but little in the way of real political debate. By the early 1970s, Franco was less directly involved in government and some opposition political activity began. Significant political change only came with the 1976 Law of Political Reform following Franco’s death.

Economic development

• There was slow recovery from the Civil War and the economy stagnated.
• From the mid-1950s, Spain began to receive some American funding and the country began to trade internationally again.
• From 1959 onwards there was a series of economic reforms that encouraged industrial development and tourism all of which contributed to the Spanish Miracle and stronger economic growth.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, the list is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]