Compare and contrast the conditions that led to the rise to power of two authoritarian/single-party leaders.

“Conditions” refer to the circumstances that prevailed during the rise to power of a leader and, although the methods used by the leader may be of relevance to illustrate the importance of certain conditions, these would not be the main focus of the response. Candidates are required to give an account of the similarities and differences in the conditions that were relevant to the rise to power of the chosen leaders in order to demonstrate a clear understanding of the requirements of the question.

Indicative content

• Economic hardship as a result of high unemployment or high inflation may have influenced the appeal of a strong leader who promised to address these problems.
• The failure of current governments to ameliorate the impact of crises on the population may have resulted in frustration and the search for alternative leadership.
• The perceived weakness of a government associated with defeat in war may have provided opportunities for a would-be leader to rally support by calling for a resurgence in militarism and revanchism.
• A promise to rescind government policies perceived as prejudiced against minorities or, alternatively, giving undue support for minorities may have increased support for a leader.
• When ignored by incumbent governments, a leader’s promise to address demands for increased workers’ rights and/or the re-distribution of wealth or land may have garnered support.
• The leader of a political movement may have received support from external powers to assist with the overthrow of a government.
• Promises to address/reverse social change brought about by war or a shift in economic wealth may have provided opportunities for leaders to appeal to more conservative elements in the population.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, it is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners and moderators are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]