To what extent were the methods used by 20th-century political parties similar to those used by pressure (interest/lobby) groups?

Candidates are required to consider the merits or otherwise of the suggestion that the methods used by political parties were comparable with those used by pressure groups. Arguments will be supported by a range of appropriate examples.

Indicative content

Similarities

• Both political parties and pressure groups relied on attracting members and financial support, although some pressure groups, such as trade unions, represented the interests of specific groups closed to the general public.
• In some cases, political parties, like pressure groups, focused on a narrow range of issues, for example the Green Parties who focused on environmental issues.
• Both political parties and pressure groups used methods such as rallies, advertisements and poster campaigns.
• Both may have offered financial support to political candidates.

Differences

• Political parties normally worked within the political system and aimed to gain direct representation inside elected assemblies: pressure groups relied more on lobbying these political parties.
• Pressure groups commonly focused on a narrow issue or range of issues whereas political parties tended to look more broadly at a wide range of issues.
• Political parties had to develop a programme for government if they wanted to be credible as a governing party whereas pressure groups did not.
• Political parties rarely took direct action such as civil disobedience campaigns although these could quite commonly have been used by pressure groups.

The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. However, it is not exhaustive and no set answer is required.

Examiners and moderators are reminded of the need to apply the markbands that provide the “best fit” to the responses given by candidates and to award credit wherever it is possible to do so.

[20 marks]