DP Biology Questionbank

Description

Nature of science:
Scientists have a role in informing the public—scientific research has led to a change in public perception of smoking.(5.1)

Understandings:

• Oxygen dissociation curves show the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
• Carbon dioxide is carried in solution and bound to hemoglobin in the blood.
• Carbon dioxide is transformed in red blood cells into hydrogencarbonate ions.
• The Bohr shift explains the increased release of oxygen by hemoglobin in respiring tissues.
• Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in blood pH.
• The rate of ventilation is controlled by the respiratory control centre in the medulla oblongata.
• During exercise the rate of ventilation changes in response to the amount of CO₂in the blood.
• Fetal hemoglobin is different from adult hemoglobin allowing the transfer of oxygen in the placenta onto the fetal hemoglobin.

Applications and skills:

• Application: Consequences of high altitude for gas exchange.
• Application: pH of blood is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45.
• Application: Causes and treatments of emphysema.
• Skill: Analysis of dissociation curves for hemoglobin and myoglobin.
• Skill: Identification of pneumocytes, capillary endothelium cells and blood cells in light micrographs and electron micrographs of lung tissue.

Utilization:

• Training camps for athletes are frequently located at high altitude to increase the hemoglobin content of the blood. This puts the athlete at an advantage when they return to lower ground for competition.

Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Biology
Topic 6.4 Gas exchange
Physics
Topic 3.2 Modelling a gas

Aims:

• Aim 8: Some sports, such as high-altitude mountain climbing or scuba diving, may push the limits of the human body beyond endurance and cause damage. Should they be controlled or banned?

Directly related questions

• 17N.3.HL.TZ0.23: Discuss high altitude training for athletes.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.v: Explain how low blood pH causes hyperventilation (rapid breathing).
• 17M.3.HL.TZ2.19b.iv: Sometimes hyperkalemia occurs as a body tries to respond to low blood pH. State the normal range...
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.ii: Explain how the increase in CO2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.21b.i: An increase in metabolic activity results in greater release of CO2 into the blood. On the graph,...
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.ii: State a treatment for emphysema.
• 17M.3.HL.TZ1.21a.i: Outline the main changes in the lungs that occur in patients with emphysema.
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.10: The graph shows the effect of increasing the substrate concentration on the rate of an...
• 16M.3.HL.TZ0.21d: Explain the role of chemoreceptors in the regulation of ventilation rate.
• 15M.3.HL.TZ1.14c (i): Although some CO2 entering the blood simply dissolves in the plasma, most enters the erythrocytes...
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.14d(i): Using the graph, draw a line to show how the oxygen dissociation curve changes with the Bohr shift.
• 15N.3.HL.TZ0.14d(ii): Explain the role of the Bohr shift during vigorous exercise.
• 13M.3.HL.TZ1.12c: Explain how the body prevents oxygen saturation levels from falling by more than a small amount...
• 13M.3.HL.TZ1.12a: Estimate the change in the arterial oxygen saturation between 30 and 60 seconds in non-athletes...
• 13M.3.HL.TZ1.12b (i): Compare the effect of hypoxic concentrations on athletes and non-athletes during exercise.
• 13M.3.HL.TZ1.12b (ii): Suggest a reason for the differences.
• 13M.3.HL.TZ1.12d: Hypoxic concentrations also occur at high altitudes. Explain one effect of high altitude on...
• 11M.3.HL.TZ1.14b (i): State the possible cause of the curve shifting from A to B.
• 11M.3.HL.TZ1.14b (ii): On the graph, draw the curve for myoglobin.
• 12M.3.HL.TZ1.15: Explain the oxygen dissociation of myoglobin, completing the graph below to support your answer....
• 12M.3.HL.TZ2.14c: Outline how exercise causes an increase in the ventilation rate.
• 10M.3.HL.TZ1.13b: Predict, with a reason, how the ventilation rate will change as a climber ascends from sea level...
• 10M.3.HL.TZ1.13d: State one adaptation of people who live permanently in high altitude areas.
• 10M.3.HL.TZ1.13a: Outline the changes in the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen as altitude increases.
• 10M.3.HL.TZ1.13c (ii): Suggest a reason for the low arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the summit.
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.13a: Calculate the percentage increase of myeloperoxidase between Hyde Park and Oxford Street for...
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.13b (i): Compare the changes in exhaled breath pH caused by walking through Hyde Park and along Oxford...
• 12N.3.HL.TZ0.13b (ii): Explain the changes in exhaled breath pH caused by walking along Oxford Street in people with...
• 09N.3.HL.TZ0.15: Explain how and why ventilation rate varies with exercise.
• 10N.3.HL.TZ0.15: Explain the oxygen dissociation curves of adult hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin and myoglobin.
• 09N.3.SL.TZ0.5b: Outline the role of myoglobin in muscle fibres.
• 09N.3.SL.TZ0.6b: Compare the distribution of blood flow at rest and during exercise.