Describe how a glucose molecule forms a polysaccharide molecule.

Distinguish between the skill profile of a javelin throw and a forehand shot in table tennis.

Explain the application of Newton’s three laws of motion to a swimmer as they start a race from the blocks.

Analyse the distribution of blood during maximal exercise.

addition of monosaccharides/glucose «molecules» form disaccharide «if two molecules»/polysaccharide «if many molecules»/glycogen ✔

a condensation reaction takes place to form a disaccharide/polysaccharides/ glycogen ✔

condensation polymerization/condensation reaction releases/removes a water «molecule» from the reaction ✔

glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose ✔

Accept answers presented in a diagram.

Candidates can only be credited for identifying the skill profile continuum if they apply the skill profile to the javelin throw and table tennis forehand.

Newton’s first law/law of inertia:
swimmer is at rest as no external force is acting upon them ✔

after the starting signal they apply a force to overcome their inertia to start moving ✔

Newton’s second law/law of acceleration:
the greater the force they apply as the push off from the blocks the faster they accelerate ✔

the swimmer’s movement is made in the direction of the force applied ✔

acceleration is dependent on swimmer’s mass ✔

Newton’s third law/law of reaction:
swimmer applies action force down and back on the blocks ✔

the blocks apply an upwards and forwards reaction force ✔

Award [2 max] per law.

Accept reference to impulse momentum relationship.

ANS/sympathetic nervous system shunts blood from an area of low demand to high demand ✔

redistribution increased to 80–85 % blood flow (Q) to the «working» muscles ✔

causes a reduced blood flow to kidneys/liver/stomach/pancreas/intestines
OR
15–20 % blood flow / Q to non-essential organs ✔

blood flow to the brain remains constant/slightly lower ✔

vasodilation «of arterioles» in the «working» muscles
OR
local dilation substances prevent vasoconstriction of the muscle tissue ✔

vasoconstriction «of arterioles» in the organs ✔

constriction of pre-capillary sphincters to the organs ✔

dilation of pre-capillary sphincters to the «working» muscles ✔

if the body starts to overheat as a result of exercise or high environmental temperatures more blood is redirected to the skin ✔

the percentage blood flow to the heart remains the same at rest and during exercise
OR
in absolute values the heart receives greater volumes of oxygen as exercise intensity increases ✔

Candidates struggled to achieve full marks for this question.

This question was generally answered well, although some students were clearly unfamiliar with the concepts of skill profiles. Candidates are encouraged to use a t-chart to answer the question as it makes it easier for the candidates to organize their thoughts and for the examiners to clearly see and gauge the quality of candidate responses.

Overall, many candidates accurately defined at least one of the Newton’s three laws, yet struggled to explain the application of the laws to the situation, missing out on valuable marks. Overall Newton’s third law was applied the best, with many candidates struggling to appropriately apply the second law. Commonly there was also a confusion in the application of the first and second law.

Overall the stronger candidates were able to outline the overall amount of blood distributed to the working muscles and non-essential tissues during maximal exercise. However very few candidates were able to explain the vascular shunt mechanism and analyse how this was achieved. The weaker student responses contained many physiological contradictions.