Explain the mechanics of pulmonary ventilation in the human lungs at rest.

Explain how the application of Newton’s third law of motion enables an athlete to run uphill.

Outline three types of transfer that a sports coach needs to take into account when planning a practice, with reference to sporting examples.

Breathing in:
diaphragm flattens/contracts ✔

external intercostal muscles contract
OR
rib cage moves upwards and outwards ✔

thoracic cavity volume increases ✔

thoracic cavity pressure decreases «therefore air rushes in» ✔

air rushes in from high pressure to low pressure
OR
inhalation continues as long as the pressure difference exists ✔

Breathing out:
diaphragm relaxes ✔

external intercostal muscles relax
OR
rib cage moves down and inwards ✔

thoracic cavity volume decreases ✔

thoracic cavity pressure increases «therefore air rushes out» ✔

Award [4 max] for breathing in.

the player applies force by extending his/her legs against the ground/pushing back against the ground/earth ✔

the force from the extension of the legs is the action
OR
the action force is caused by muscle contraction ✔

the ground/earth exerts an equal and opposite force on the athlete ✔

the push back from the ground/earth is the reaction ✔

because the ground/earth is a larger mass than the mass of the athlete, the effect on the athlete is greater than the effect on the ground/earth ✔

the result of the reaction force is to displace the relatively small mass of the athlete/produces the uphill movement of the athlete ✔

the faster/harder the athlete pushes «action» the greater the force will be ✔

Award [3 max] if response makes no reference to uphill running.

skill to skill/between two skills eg rugby union to rugby league OR basketball to netball OR tennis to badminton ✔

practice to performance/positive transfer likely only to occur if environmental conditions are similar in both situations/authentic/realistic practice ✔

eg attack versus defence at set plays in soccer ✔

abilities to skills ✔

eg balance to balance on the beam in gymnastics ✔

bilateral/limb to limb/positive transfer of learning and training occurs between limbs «hand to hand, leg to leg» ✔

eg striking a football with the right/left foot OR reverse sweep in cricket ✔

principles to skill ✔

eg principles of defensive play in invasion games such as soccer and field hockey ✔

stages of learning/stage to stage ✔

eg skills that are learned in the cognitive phase of named activity will develop until the associative stage of named activity ✔

Award [3 max] for types of transfer without reference to sporting examples.

This was a strong question for many candidates, often accessing 4-6 marks. Some candidates confused the responses with 6a and explained gaseous exchange. Further reference to specifically the external intercostal muscles and changes in thoracic cavity would improve the quality of the answer for this question.

Many candidates defined Newton’s third law, and then applied this to uphill running. From an examination technique candidates are advised to apply the law directly unless the definition is directly requested. Most candidates were able to access two marks from their applied definition but struggled to provide greater detail to discuss the impact of Newton’s third law on uphill running.

This question was the least accessible question for Q7. Many candidates focused on positive, negative and zero transfer and struggled to apply this to a suitable relevant example. Some candidates were unable to accurately link the type of transfer to appropriate examples. A revision of the definition of each type of transfer would benefit candidates answering this question.