Outline two types of connective tissue of joints.

Describe the functions of erythrocytes, platelets and leucocytes.

Evaluate the Harvard Step Test.

Explain the role of insulin in the body.

Describe the types of movement of the ball and socket joint at the shoulder.

Cartilage:
joins bone to bone ‹as in cartilaginous joints›✔

allows limited movement ‹in cartilaginous joints›✔

Ligament:
attaches bone to bone ‹in synovial joints›✔

helps provide stability for synovial joints✔

Tendon:
attaches ‹skeletal› muscle to bone✔

helps provide stability for synovial joints✔

Award [1] per type of connective tissue.

Erythrocytes:
transports oxygen✔

transports carbon dioxide✔

Leucocytes:
fight disease and infection✔

Platelets:
responsible for clotting the blood✔

Award [1 max] per cell type. 

Strengths
can do many subjects at once✔

minimal equipment needed✔

it has subjects working to their sub-max – not too stressful✔

easy to score/administer✔

Limitations
equipment is specific – bench of a set height, metronome set to a beat✔

specific to leg muscle and action/ not specific to a sport✔

set bench height favours taller participants✔

heart rate measure can be of varying accuracy✔

Award [2 max] if only strengths or limitations are given.

insulin is released from the pancreas when blood glucose is high/when blood glucose levels increase after eating✔

insulin helps to maintain a stable/normal level of blood glucose✔

inhibits gluconeogenesis✔

insulin inhibits glucagon✔

inhibits lipolysis✔

promotes glycogenesis✔

insulin promotes the uptake of glucose into fat cells✔

it encourages an anabolic reaction✔

Accept converse.

Rotation:
movement of bone/limb around a central/longitudinal axis✔

Flexion:
bending or decreasing the angle between 2 bones✔

Extension:
increasing the angle between 2 bones✔

Abduction:
movement of the bone/ limb away from the midline of the body✔

Adduction:
movement of the bone toward the midline of the body✔

Circumduction:
when the end of the bone makes a circle and the bone makes the shape of a cone✔

Depression:
movement at the shoulder downwards towards the feet✔

Elevation:
movement of lifting the shoulders towards the head✔

Name it and describe it for [1].
Award [1 max] for each.

For abduction the intent must be shown for movement to be away from the midline and adduction toward the midline

Most students were able to answer this question well; however, some candidates listed the connective tissues and did not provide an outline.

Most students were able to answer this question well.

Students struggled to evaluate the Harvard Step Test. Many students outlined the protocol for the Harvard Step Test while providing no reflection on strengths and limitations of the test. Students demonstrated knowledge of assessment statement 6.3.3 where candidates have to outline the tests, but more focus is required in class to enable students to evaluate the tests.

Few students gained full marks on this question. The most common correct response to this question contained reference to insulin contributing to the blood sugar regulation. Some candidates focused on providing the role of glucagon or diabetes and therefore explained a large amount of irrelevant material.

While candidates identified movements of this joint they were not able to describe the movements. Candidates should be advised that full marks cannot be awarded for a mere list of types of movement when a “describe” command term is used.