| Date | November 2019 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 19N.2.SL.TZ0.2 |
| Level | Standard Level | Paper | Paper 2 | Time zone | Time zone 0 |
| Command term | Describe | Question number | 2 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Figure 2: Global capture fisheries and aquaculture production
from 1991 and projected to 2025
[Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2016, FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture.
Contributing to food security and nutrition for all, http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf. Reproduced with permission.]
Using Figure 2, identify one reason for the trend shown in the curve for aquaculture.
Using Figure 2, identify one reason for the trend shown in the curve for capture fisheries.
Outline two negative environmental impacts of aquaculture.
Describe two strategies for the management of sustainable capture fisheries.
Markscheme
Increased demand for aquaculture due to: [1 max]
increased human population/increased demand for more food / decrease in some capture fisheries / genetic improvements in stock / technological advances in farming / shift of diet preferences to healthier provision of protein / increased demand for fishmeal/fish oil/animal feed / economically more viable/attractive / perceived as more ecologically effective than terrestrial livestock / need for food security (especially in Asian countries).
Reasons for increase, and reasons for less increase than aquaculture or stabilization should equally be credited [1 max]
capture fisheries increased due to increased demand/human population/improved fishing technology;
capture fisheries have increased less than aquaculture/stabilized due to depleted stocks/overfishing / negative impact of climate change / marine pollution / international regulations / growth of aquaculture reducing demand / most fish grounds have no more potential for production increase / reduced cost-effectiveness.
loss/degradation of natural habitats;
disease spread through farms;
organic waste/excess food causing eutrophication/build-up of sediment/red tides;
antibiotics/chemical treatments causing pollution;
GMOs/non-indigenous species accidentally escaping, affecting the wild fish populations;
depletion of freshwater reserves/salinization/aquifer depletion.
regulation of quotas/minimum size of fish caught / harvesting less than or equal to the maximum sustainable yield (MSY);
designation of marine protected areas (exclusion zones) / limited fishing zones;
restriction on mesh size of nets/bottom-trawling/drift-netting/explosion/methods that decrease by catch/damage habitat;
restriction to fishing seasons / to let stocks recover;
international/local efforts to monitor/study fish populations and identify MSY/sustainable limits of fishing;
enforcing global treaties on sustainable practices / reducing unsustainable subsidies;
reduce marine/plastic pollution that causes fish deaths/reduces stock;
provide incentives for move toward aquaculture / reconciling the rights of various stakeholders.
