Suggest one reason for the zonation seen in Figure 5(b).

Using Figures 9(a) and 9(b), identify one feature of the round goby that shows it is an r-selected species.

Outline whether an invasive species such as Mesquite is likely to be r-strategist or K-strategist.

Distinguish between zonation and succession.

Outline two ways in which the food web is likely to change as a result of succession.

With reference to Figure 2 identify three factors that could explain the high biodiversity in Ecuador.

State the ecological processes illustrated by the data in Figure 3.

Outline two reasons why the species within pioneer communities in Figure 1 are more likely to be r-strategists than K-strategists.

Outline two ecosystem services in a named biome.

With reference to Figures 9(a) and 9(b), explain the impacts of beaver dams on biodiversity within Algonquin Provincial Park.

Discuss the role of humans in the destabilization of ecological systems.

Suggest a range of practical procedures that could be carried out to measure the abiotic and biotic impacts of an oil spill in an aquatic ecosystem.

Suggest why the St Lawrence River beluga whale population has not recovered despite being given protected status in 1983.

Outline how four different factors influence the resilience of an ecosystem.

State the biome for the area shown in Figure 1(b).

Outline one climatic and one edaphic (soil) factor which affect the final climax community in an ecosystem.

Outline why estuaries are highly productive ecosystems.

Explain one factor that may make a species less prone to extinction.

Outline the factors that contribute to total biodiversity of an ecosystem.

Outline two reasons why the climax community in Figure 1 is more stable than the intermediate community.

Suggest two reasons why there are differences in the number of plant species found on Krakatau and Tarawera.

Explain how the level of primary productivity of different biomes influences their resilience.

Outline two ways in which the soil quality in the pioneer stages of the succession model shown in Figure 1 will differ from that in the climax ecosystem.

Explain how regional differences in the hydrological cycle influence the formation of different biomes.

Discuss the role of feedback mechanisms in maintaining the stability and promoting the restoration of plant communities threatened by human impacts.

With reference to Figures 1(b) and 1(c), identify the biome found at the highest altitude in Madagascar.

With reference to Figure 1(d), explain how the environmental conditions on Dominica result in high gross primary productivity.

Discuss the effect of hurricanes on the social and ecological development of Dominica.

Distinguish between two named biomes and the factors that cause their distribution.

With reference to Figures 6(a), 6(b), 6(c) and 7(b) identify two ways in which vegetation cover has changed over time in Iceland.

With reference to Figures 2(b) and 3, identify an ecosystem found in London.

Outline how species diversity and population size influence the resilience of an ecosystem.

Outline the role of the atmospheric system in the distribution of biomes.