Outline two ways in which the progress of the reaction can be monitored. No practical details are required.

Suggest why point D is so far out of line assuming human error is not the cause.

Draw the best fit line for the reaction excluding point D.

Suggest the relationship that points A, B and C show between the concentration of the acid and the rate of reaction.

Deduce the rate expression for the reaction.

Calculate the rate constant of the reaction, stating its units.

Predict from your line of best fit the rate of reaction when the concentration of HCl is 1.00 mol dm⁻³.

Describe how the activation energy of this reaction could be determined.

Any two of:

loss of mass «of reaction mixture/CO₂»

«increase in» volume of gas produced

change of conductivity

change of pH

change in temperature

Do not accept “disappearance of calcium carbonate”.

Do not accept “gas bubbles”.

Do not accept “colour change” or “indicator”.

[2 marks]

reaction is fast at high concentration AND may be difficult to measure accurately

OR

so many bubbles of CO₂ produced that inhibit contact of HCl(aq) with CaCO₃(s)

OR

insufficient change in conductivity/pH at high concentrations

OR

calcium carbonate has been used up/is limiting reagent/ there is not enough calcium carbonate «to react with the high concentration of HCl»

OR

HCl is in excess

OR

so many bubbles of CO₂ produced that inhibit contact of HCl(aq) with CaCO₃(s)

[1 mark]

straight line going through the origin AND as close to A, B, C as is reasonably possible

[1 mark]

«directly» proportional

Accept “first order” or “linear”.

Do not accept “rate increases as concentration increases” or “positive correlation”.

[1 mark]

rate = k [H⁺]

Accept “rate = k [HCl]”.

[1 mark]

0.02

s^–1

[2 marks]

20.5 $\times$ 10^–3 «mol dm^–3 s^–1»

Accept any answer in the range 19.5–21.5.

[1 mark]

ALTERNATIVE 1:

carry out reaction at several temperatures

plot $\frac{1}{\text{T}}$ against log rate constant

E_a = – gradient $\times$ R

ALTERNATIVE 2:

carry out reaction at two temperatures

determine two rate constants

OR

determine the temperature coefficient of the rate

use the formula  $\ln \frac{k_1}{k_2}=\frac{E_{\text{a}}}{R}\left(\frac{1}{T_2}-\frac{1}{T_1}\right)$

Accept “gradient = $\frac{-E_{\text{a}}}{R}$” for M3.

Award both M2 and M3 for the formula  $\text{ln}\frac{rat{e}_1}{rat{e}_2}=\frac{E_{\text{a}}}{R}\left(\frac{1}{T_2}-\frac{1}{T_1}\right)$.

Accept any variation of the formula, such as $\frac{rat{e}_1}{rat{e}_2}=e^{-\frac{E_{\text{a}}}{R}\left(\frac{1}{T_1}-\frac{1}{T_2}\right)}$.

[3 marks]