DP Biology Questionbank

Description

Nature of science:
Risks associated with scientific research—Florey and Chain’s tests on the safety of penicillin would not be compliant with current protocol on testing. (4.8)Understandings:

• The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defence against pathogens that cause infectious disease.
• Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.
• Clotting factors are released from platelets.
• The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.
• Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases.
• Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives specific immunity.
• Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
• Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics. Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.

Applications and skills:

• Application: Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.
• Application: Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice.
• Application: Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.

Guidance:

• Diagrams of skin are not required.
• Subgroups of phagocyte and lymphocyte are not required but students should be aware that some lymphocytes act as memory cells and can quickly reproduce to form a clone of plasma cells if a pathogen carrying a specific antigen is re-encountered.
• The effects of HIV on the immune system should be limited to a reduction in the number of active lymphocytes and a loss of the ability to produce antibodies, leading to the development of AIDS.

International-mindedness:

• The spread and containment of diseases such as bird flu require international coordination and communication.

Utilization:

• An understanding of immunity has led to the development of vaccinations.

Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Biology
Topic 5.2 Natural selection
Chemistry
Topic D2 Aspirin and penicillin

Aims:

• Aim 8: The social as well as the economic benefits of the control of bacterial diseases around the world should be stressed.
• Aim 9: Science has limited means in the fight against pathogens, as shown by the spread of new diseases and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Directly related questions

• 17M.2.SL.TZ2.5c: Some blood proteins are involved in defence against infectious disease. Explain the roles of...
• 20N.1.SL.TZ0.27:

  The graph shows the results of measuring two factors in the blood of patients with HIV/AIDS.

  

  [Source: Courtesy ACRIA.]

   

  What do X and Y represent?

  

• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.27: What can protect the body from blood loss? A. Antibodies B. Fibrin C. Histamines D. Hemophilia
• 21M.1.SL.TZ2.26: Which cells are subject to attack by HIV? A. Lymphocytes B. Erythrocytes C. Platelets D....
• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.1b:

  Compare and contrast the effect of ZDV and NVP on the growth of Allium roots.

• 22M.1.HL.TZ2.19: Some strains of the pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus have developed mechanisms that...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ1.26: A combination of antibiotics and bioengineered antibodies to bacterial antigens is now being used...
• 19M.1.SL.TZ1.27:

  The diagram shows the major events involved in the formation of a blood clot.

  

  [Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

   

  What is Factor Y?

  A. Fibrin

  B. Prothrombin

  C. Fibrinogen

  D. Thrombin

   

• 22M.1.HL.TZ1.22: Blood clotting involves a cascade of reactions. Which statement describes the blood-clotting...
• 22M.1.SL.TZ1.26: What is a method of transmission of HIV and its effect on the immune system?
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.1b:

  Suggest one limitation of this recording method in determining the accurate mean number of individual bats flying.

• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.1c.i:

  Calculate the percentage decline in the mean number of M. lucifugus flights for 2009 when compared to 2008.

   

• 19N.1.HL.TZ0.22: How does HIV affect the immune system adversely? A. Progressive reduction in number of active...
• 17M.1.SL.TZ1.21: Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is...
• 17N.2.SL.TZ0.02b:

  Rotavirus causes diarrhea and vomiting. Explain why viral diseases cannot be treated using antibiotics.

• 21M.1.HL.TZ2.22: What is the role of antibiotics produced by fungi? A. Destruction of viral particles B....
• 19M.2.SL.TZ1.1d: Based on the data, compare and contrast the progress of the epidemic in Liberia and Guinea.
• 17M.1.SL.TZ2.27: The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system....
• 20N.1.HL.TZ0.24: In 1940, Florey and Chain tested penicillin on bacterial infections in eight mice, before...
• 17N.2.HL.TZ0.02c: State the role of plasma cells in the immune system.
• 22M.2.SL.TZ2.6c:

  Explain how blood clotting occurs and the consequence for a person who has hemophilia.

• 18N.1.SL.TZ0.26: Why are antibiotics effective in curing diseases against some pathogens but not others? I. ...
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.3c: Explain how cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.1i:

  Using all of the data, predict the effect of WNS on bat populations.

• 19M.2.SL.TZ1.1b: Analysis of the data suggests that the number of deaths from EVD is not related to the total...
• 20N.1.SL.TZ0.26: What is a feature of phagocytic white blood cells? A. Stimulate blood clotting B. Found only in...
• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.1a.ii:

  Identify the root length, as a percentage of the control, resulting from a ZDV concentration of $400 \text{μmol}$.

• 21N.1.SL.TZ0.26: A person was infected with a pathogen and then later in life they were re-infected with the same...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.1g:

  Discuss whether the data in the graph show that there is a causal link between the date of death and the interval between hibernation emergence periods.

• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.1f:

  Outline the relationship between date of death and the mean interval between hibernation emergence periods.

• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6c:

  Many diseases are caused by bacteria and other pathogens. Explain, using examples, how other factors can lead to disease in humans.

• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.1e:

  Based on the data and your biological knowledge, suggest how the infection could lead to premature death in a bat.

• 19M.1.SL.TZ1.28: Which statement applies to HIV? A. HIV infects red blood cells resulting in decreased production...
• 19M.2.SL.TZ1.1e: Suggest two possible reasons for the drop in the daily numbers of newly infected cases after...
• 19M.2.SL.TZ1.3c: Outline the causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.
• 19M.2.SL.TZ1.1g: District administrators combatting the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa were assisted by...
• 19N.2.HL.TZ0.1h: Using all the data, discuss whether inoculating mice with the antigen to B. burgdorferi could be...
• 20N.2.SL.TZ0.6c:

  Explain the role of cells in the defence against infectious disease.

• 21N.1.SL.TZ0.25: What occurs as a result of a cut in the skin of a finger? A. Prothrombin is transformed into...
• 22M.2.SL.TZ1.6c:

  Explain how cells and cell components in the blood defend the body against infectious disease.

• 18N.1.SL.TZ0.25: Florey and Chain’s penicillin experiments would not be compliant with current protocols on...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.1d:

  Distinguish between the patterns of hibernation of the uninfected and infected bats.

• 19M.2.SL.TZ1.1a.i:

  Identify the country with the largest number of Ebola cases.

• 19N.2.SL.TZ0.6a: Outline how cuts in the skin are sealed to prevent blood loss.
• 16N.1.HL.TZ0.22: In Florey and Chain’s experiment, eight mice were infected with lethal doses of Streptococcus...
• 17M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high CO2 concentration were...
• 17M.2.HL.TZ1.1f.ii: Suggest a reason for the greater expression of the gene for the urea transporter after an...
• 17N.1.SL.TZ0.26: What is a characteristic of antigens? A. They recognize foreign substances B. They are produced...
• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.1d:

  Allium root tips continue to show some growth even at high concentrations of NVP. Suggest a possible reason for the growth seen in root tips with 800μmol NVP.

• 21M.2.SL.TZ2.6b:

  Explain the production of antibodies when a patient is infected with the TB bacterium.

• 22M.1.HL.TZ2.25: Many blood-feeding insects inject an anticoagulant into their host in order to prevent blood from...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.1c.ii:

  Evaluate the conclusion that the decline in the population of M. lucifugus is due to infection by the fungus.

• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.26: The body has different defenses against infectious disease. Which cells provide non-specific...
• 18M.1.SL.TZ2.27: Florey and Chain injected four mice with Streptococcus bacteria and then penicillin and all four...
• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.1a:

  Calculate the total number of M. lucifugus flights that were recorded in the summer of 2007

• 19M.2.SL.TZ1.1f: Based on these data, outline the evidence that T-705 has potential to be used as a treatment for...
• 19M.2.SL.TZ1.3d: Outline the role of lymphocytes in defence against disease.
• 19M.2.HL.TZ2.3b: Outline the actions taken by the body to avoid infection when the skin is cut.
• 16N.1.SL.TZ0.26:

  Why is penicillin not used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

  A. HIV patients may be allergic to penicillin.
  B. Penicillin does not affect viruses.
  C. Penicillin affects helper T-cell metabolism.
  D. Penicillin causes antibiotic resistance.

• 17M.2.HL.TZ1.6b: Outline how antibiotics offer protection from certain forms of infectious disease.
• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.1c:

  Based on the information, suggest with a reason which of the labelled cell types will become more common in Allium root tips treated with ZDV.

• 21M.2.SL.TZ1.1a.i:

  Deduce the concentration of ZDV that would cause a 50 % reduction in root growth compared to the control.

• 18N.2.SL.TZ0.6c: Explain how the human body defends itself against pathogens.
• 18M.2.SL.TZ1.6b:

  Explain how antibiotic resistance can evolve in bacteria, such as those causing pneumonia.

• 18M.2.HL.TZ1.1h:

  Suggest one reason, other than the interval between hibernation emergence periods, for some infected bats surviving longer than others.

• 19M.1.HL.TZ2.36:

  The blood of two men was tested and the results are shown. Anti-D refers to the rhesus blood group. Clotting indicates that antigens associated with a particular factor or blood group are present in a blood sample.

  

  [Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

  The man who tested positive for anti-D was then tested for ABO blood group. These results were obtained.

  

  [Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

   

  What ABO blood group does the man testing positive for anti-D have?

  A. A

  B. B

  C. AB

  D. O

• 19M.2.SL.TZ1.1a.ii: Identify the country with the largest number of deaths.
• 19M.2.SL.TZ1.1c: Based on the mode of transmission of the Ebola virus, suggest a possible reason for the...
• 19N.1.SL.TZ0.27: What is non-specific immunity to disease? A. Blocking prokaryotic metabolism with...