Examine the reasons for the failure of the Directory and the rise of Napoleon I.

Candidates should consider the interrelationship between problems with the Directory and the emergence of Napoleon I as a political leader. Some may discuss reasons why the Directory was established such as the desire for political stability; to control revolutionary excess and to strengthen the economy. Evidence of failure could include the number of attempted coups (Prairial, Vendemaire); the collapse of the assignat and near famine conditions. The Directory was perceived as corrupt and self-seeking and became increasingly unpopular. The army was politically significant as a means of maintaining order. Napoleon was personally popular because of success in Italy and in 1799 the threat of a Jacobin revolt meant that Sieyes encouraged him to stage the coup of Brumaire to bring order in France. Candidates may well argue that the reasons for both events were interrelated, the weakness of the Directory providing an opportunity for Napoleon. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates consider the reasons for the failure of the Directory and the rise of Napoleon I. Relatively few responses were seen to this question. A few showed good knowledge, but others tended to describe Napoleon's policies once he was in power.