Compare and contrast the methods used by two rulers to maintain their rule.

The question requires that candidates give an account of the similarities and differences between two rulers in terms of the methods used to maintain their rule, referring to both throughout. There does not need to be an equal number of each. The two rulers may or may not be from the same region. Candidates may refer to the steps taken by rulers to achieve a unified empire by establishing a common legal system, as done by the Mongol use of the Yassa code; or by establishing an efficient bureaucratic system as done by the Song dynasty. Other appropriate examples may include steps taken to address economic or social distress via monetary reforms, as done by Charlemagne via the introduction of livre carolienne and price controls. Additional factors may include the creation of a loyal army and their role in the subjugation of rebellious groups, as in the case of Abd al-Rahman who had to contend with challenges by the Muwallads or the insurgency of Umar ibn Hafsun.

The question required that candidates give an account of the similarities and differences between two rulers in terms of the methods used to maintain their rule, referring to both throughout. Unfortunately, most of the responses seen chose examples from twentieth century authoritarian states, despite the Topic heading clearly indicating that the timeframe was 750–1500.