| Date | May 2022 | Marks available | 2 | Reference code | 22M.1.BP.TZ0.17 |
| Level | Both SL and HL | Paper | Paper 1 - first exams 2017 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | What | Question number | 17 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Source Q Ibrahim Rugova, President of Kosovo from March 2002 until his death in 2006, testifying before the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) (3 May 2002).
The first objective of this party [Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)] was to establish democracy in Kosovo, to start a democratic life for all its citizens. It aimed to give Kosovo a republic status equal to the other republics in the former Federation, because, as I said, Kosovo had been stripped of its autonomy. Then [after the 1991 referendum] we were striving to build an independent Kosovo — with rights for all its citizens. This was the main and initial goal, but the main thing was to defend the Kosovar people who were endangered at that time …
Our position was that independence should be achieved by peaceful, diplomatic, and democratic methods and violence should not be used …
The LDK started organizing solidarity actions to help people who were left without jobs, people who were dismissed from their jobs. It also organized society at large, keeping education and health and other areas of life going, such as culture and sport. And at that time, we also started collecting a tax, not a compulsory tax, but what we called a “solidarity tax”. It mainly concentrated on helping people with food, clothing and things that they needed, because people who had worked for years were now homeless and could not earn a living.
[Source: United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, PROSECUTOR vs. SLOBODAN
MILOŠEVIĆ, CASE IT-02-54, Testimony of Ibrahim Rugova in IT-02-54-T (ICTY), 3 May 2002.]
Source R Photograph of Ibrahim Rugova (centre) with United States envoy, Richard Holbrooke, (right) and British Ambassador to Yugoslavia, Brian Donnelly, (left) in Pristina (10 October 1998).
[Source: Reuters, 1998. Ethnic Albanian leader Ibrahim Rugova (center) holds hands with U.S. envoy Richard Holbrooke and British Ambassador to Yugoslavia Brian Donnelly in Pristina on October 10, 1998. [photograph] (Reuters) Available at: https://www.rferl.org/a/2247709.html [Accessed 03 March 2021].]
What, according to Source Q, were the aims of Ibrahim Rugova’s Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)?
What does Source R suggest about Ibrahim Rugova’s relationship with western powers?
Markscheme
- To establish democracy in Kosovo.
- To attain republic status for Kosovo within the former Yugoslav Federation.
- To build an independent Kosovo.
- To defend the endangered Kosovar people.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [3].
- Rugova was supported by Great Britain and the United States.
- Rugova was pleased to receive the support of western powers.
- Relations seem to be friendly.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [2].
Examiners report
The majority of candidates identified three clear points from the content of the source and there were several valid points that could be drawn. However, there were a number of scripts that gave only two developed points or repeated the same point. A minority offered only one limited point and on occasion did not address the question. Again, in some cases responses offered extensive background or contextual information outside of the source. Candidates who provided unnecessarily lengthy answers for the first question often had timing issues in the final stages of the exam.
Most candidates were awarded full marks for this question as they had offered two valid points on what the visual source suggested. For example, for 9b) that there was some form of collaboration between Japan and Germany and that the attack was part of a wider global strategy, or for 13b) that the photograph revealed that support for Mandela was diverse and that his supporters were optimistic about the future.
