“Napoleon III’s foreign policy was a complete failure.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

The question requires that candidates consider the merits or otherwise of the statement about the problems of Napoleon III’s foreign policy. Candidates may choose to discuss his foreign policy aims. These could include the overthrow of the Vienna Settlement, restoring France’s great power status, extending French territory in Europe and overseas and some military glory. It could be argued that he was quite successful in the 1850s, citing the Crimean War and Treaty of Paris, intervention in Italy and some expansion in the Middle East and Far East. However, some might argue that Italian unification alienated Austria and weakened French influence in the Mediterranean. Britain was also suspicious of France’s ambitions in the Middle East and Russia was angry over his support of Polish nationalism. The policies of the 1860s were more clearly unsuccessful; the Mexican adventure alienated Austria. France gained nothing from the Austro-Prussian War despite the Biarritz meeting. His ambitions in Europe (Luxemburg) alienated Britain. The declaration of war against Prussia led to the collapse of his empire. By 1870, France was isolated in Europe and the Vienna Settlement remained largely intact. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates consider the merits or otherwise of the statement that Napoleon lll's foreign policy was a complete failure.