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Date November 2021 Marks available 15 Reference code 21N.3op4.HL.TZ0.6
Level Higher level only Paper Paper 3 (History of Europe) Time zone TZ0
Command term To what extent Question number 6 Adapted from N/A

Question

Section 3: Late medieval political crises (1300–1487)

To what extent was diplomacy the main reason why Louis XI was able to extend French power?

Markscheme

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the reasons why Louis XI was able to extend French power. To agree with the statement, it could be argued that Louis XI used diplomacy to isolate Charles the Bold from England (Treaty of Picquiny 1475) and to regain territory on the Somme (Treaty of Arras). Some candidates may argue that it was the strong centralized government established by Louis XI that reduced Burgundian influence in France, and Burgundian military failure (like the siege of Beauvais) also contributed to the extension of French power. Chance was also a factor in that the death of Charles the Bold at Nancy and Mary’s marriage to Maximilian led to Burgundy turning towards the Habsburgs and losing interest in France. Candidates might challenge the statement to some extent by arguing that in fact it was a combination of all the above factors that enabled the French to withstand Burgundian influence and eventually extend French power in border territories. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

Examiners report

The question required that candidates consider the merits or otherwise of the suggestion that diplomacy was the main reason why Louis XI was able to extend French power.

Syllabus sections

HL options: first exams 2017 » HL option 4: History of Europe » 3: Late medieval political crises (1300–1487) » Nature of kingship and challenges: England—Henry VI (1422–1461); Edward IV (1461–1483); France—Louis XI (1461–1483)
HL options: first exams 2017 » HL option 4: History of Europe » 3: Late medieval political crises (1300–1487)
HL options: first exams 2017 » HL option 4: History of Europe
HL options: first exams 2017

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