“The main effect of the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate was economic change.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

The question requires that candidates consider the merits or otherwise of the statement that the main effect of the rise of the Sokoto Caliphate was economic change. Candidates may refer to the results of the political centralization which followed the creation of a single caliphate by Usman dan Fodio. Centralized power led to a more integrated and diversified economy, with cash crops like cotton and indigo introduced alongside the more traditional agricultural practices of pastoralism and food production. Islamic scholarship helped create an educated and efficient bureaucracy, paving the way for an urban economy and the emergence of a new class of traders and merchants. Neighbouring states paid tribute, swelling the coffers of the caliphate. Other relevant factors may be addressed, for example religious changes and spread of jihad, but with a focus on the issue in the question. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.