“Sukarno’s leadership was the most important factor in Indonesia gaining its independence in 1949.” Discuss.

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the statement that the leadership of Sukarno was the most important reason for Indonesia gaining its independence. Candidates may refer to the Sukarno’s role in founding the first pro-independence party and his leadership of the Partindo. They may discuss his role during the Second World War, including his collaboration with the Japanese and campaigns for independence; his negotiation of a constitution despite factional rivalry; and his leadership of the struggle against the Dutch after 1945. Other relevant factors may be addressed, such as the contributions of other leaders such as Hatta, Soedirman and Nasution, the Japanese encouragement of nationalism, the harsh tactics of the Dutch during the independence struggle and international pressure, especially US threats to withhold Marshall Aid. However, the focus will be in the issue in the question. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.