“The opposition of Britain was the most significant factor in the collapse of Napoleon I’s empire.” Discuss.

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the statement regarding the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire. Candidates should examine the role of Britain in the Napoleonic Wars, including the financing of the various coalitions and British diplomacy (Castlereagh and the 4th Coalition). There may be reference to British naval power (Trafalgar) and Britain’s role in organizing the Waterloo campaign. Other relevant factors may be discussed such as mistakes made by Napoleon: he alienated Alexander I by his marriage to Marie Louise; harsh rule in conquered territories increased support for his enemies (Prussia and Saxony); the Russian Campaign of 1812 could be considered as his first defeat encouraging nations to turn against him, leading to defeat at Leipzig. Internal discontent at the burden of war and the invasion of 1813 led to Talleyrand’s plots. The defection of his marshals in 1814 weakened Napoleon’s position further. Responses could agree or disagree with the statement. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the statement that the opposition of Britain was the most significant factor in the collapse of Napolean l's empire. Some candidates provided relevant knowledge about the various factors which led to the fall of Napoleon. However, there was a tendency to give rather narrative accounts.