| Date | May 2021 | Marks available | 3 | Reference code | 21M.1.BP.TZ0.17 |
| Level | Both SL and HL | Paper | Paper 1 - first exams 2017 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | How | Question number | 17 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Source R Barry Lewis, an English photojournalist and filmmaker, photographing a Red Cross hospital at the Kibumba Refugee Camp in Goma, Zaire (July 1994).
[Source: Lewis, B., 1994. Red Cross hospital at the Kibumba refugee camp, Goma. Barry Lewis / Alamy Stock Photo.]
Source T Gérard Prunier, a French academic and historian, specializing in central Africa, writing in the academic book The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (1997).
The Hutu power structure ruled unchallenged in the camps … The very men who had organized and carried out the genocide were in charge of most administrative aspects of camp life. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) worked with them on matters of food distribution, health and schooling. Ex-FAR (Forces Armees Rwandaises/ Rwandan Armed Forces) soldiers and Interahamwe militiamen trained in full view of the foreign camp personnel. They collected taxes from the refugees and dealt violently with dissenters [those who refused]. Beatings and murders were commonplace, as was the intimidation of those who refused to collaborate with the extremist leadership. Refugees who talked about going back to Rwanda were endangering their lives.
[Source: Prunier, Gerard, The Rwanda Crisis, 1959-1994: History of a Genocide, pages 374–375 (London: Hurst Publishers, 1998). Reprinted with kind permission from Hurst Publishers.]
How, according to Source T, did the Hutu power structure impose its authority in refugee camps?
What does Source R suggest about the living conditions of Rwandan refugees in camps?
Markscheme
- The Hutu power structure controlled most of the camps’ administration.
- They worked with the UNHCR and NGOs on food distribution, health and schooling.
- They collected taxes from the refugees.
- They controlled dissenters through violence.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [3].
- There was overcrowding.
- Healthcare was basic.
- Children suffered malnutrition and/or disease.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [2].
Examiners report
Most candidates were able to identify three distinct points for the given source in each of the prescribed topics, and there were a number of valid points that could be drawn. Nevertheless, some candidates offered only two points and there were again a few that made only one limited point. In a small minority of responses there was a lack of focus on the question and extensive background or contextual material was given.
As with the first part of this question, many candidates were awarded full marks as they offered two valid points in response to what the visual source revealed. For example, for 9b) that the foreign policies of Italy and Germany were similar and that these were aggressive. In 13b) many candidates suggested that the cartoon revealed that the struggle for civil rights faced violence and that law enforcement took part in brutal attacks. However, some candidates offered just one overall point.
