| Date | November 2017 | Marks available | 3 | Reference code | 17N.1.BP.TZ0.17 |
| Level | Both SL and HL | Paper | Paper 1 - first exams 2017 | Time zone | TZ0 |
| Command term | What | Question number | 17 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
Source Q
Gerard Prunier, an historian specializing in African history, writing in the academic book Africa’s World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe (2008).
[Tutsis returning from exile] would take any salaried job, and this meant pushing the Hutu out of the towns—and out of the jobs. This contributed to further social tensions in the country. To make things worse, over 150,000 houses had been destroyed and even without any illegal occupations there would not have been enough houses to go around. There were also nearly 300,000 children without parents … living lives of incredible fear and loneliness, at times miles away from the nearest adult. Most of the police were dead or had fled abroad with the former government, as had most of the judges, schoolteachers, doctors, and nurses … even the churches, which were full of dead bodies, were closed.
[Source: Republished with permission of Oxford University Press, from ‘Africa’s world war: Congo, the Rwandan genocide, and the making of a continental catastrophe’, Gerard Prunier, 2008; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Language rights granted by Eulama International Literary Agency]
Source R
Chris Riddell, an illustrator and political cartoonist, caricaturing the situation in refugee camps in an untitled cartoon for the British newspaper The Observer (11 November 1996).
Note: The text on the knife is “Hutu Militia” and on the bowl it is “Refugees”.
[Source: Chris Riddell/Guardian News & Media. Copyright Guardian News & Media Ltd 2017]
What, according to Source Q, were the difficulties faced by Rwanda after the civil war and genocide in 1994?
What does Source R suggest about the situation of Rwandan refugees in 1996?
Markscheme
• Returning Tutsi took Hutu jobs and this created social tensions.
• There was a lack of housing and/or 150 000 houses were destroyed.
• 300 000 children were without parents, living in fear and isolation.
• Most of the police, the judges, schoolteachers, doctors, and nurses had fled or were dead.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [3].
• The Hutu militia were holding refugees hostage and/or they were in control of refugees.
• The Hutu militia remained powerful because they were still armed and prepared to use violence.
• The refugees were helpless.
The above material is an indication of what candidates may elect to write about in their responses. It is neither prescriptive nor exhaustive and no set answer is required. Award [1] for each relevant point up to a maximum of [2].
