Examine the impact of developments in transportation on the industrialization of two countries.

The question requires that candidates consider the interrelationship between developments in transportation and industrialization. The two countries may or may not be from the same region. Responses will likely consider the relationship between transportation and industrialization via the transportation of vital goods and materials. Candidates may also consider the role of transportation in the movement of workers to enable industrialization. The means of transportation discussed will vary depending on the state and time period considered and may include railways, canals, roads, ocean shipping, and airplanes. Developments in personal transportation vehicles may also be considered including the car, bicycle and motorcycle. Responses may also consider the development of one mode of transportation over time and the resulting impacts, for example the continuing improvement of the steam engine, railway engineering or improved road surface materials. Where industrialization was linked to militarization and/or imperialism, responses may also consider the impact of developments in transportation and their connection to military endeavours including the mobilization of troops and the transportation of vital resources. Candidates’ opinions and conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

The question required that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the impact of industrialization on the standard of living in two countries. For the most part, responses consisted of general assertions that were not well-supported with accurate, relevant knowledge.