Discuss the main reasons for the rise of two of the following: the Mandinka Empire under Samori Toure; the Lozi kingdom under Lewanika; the Ndebele kingdom under Mzilikazi and Lobengula; the Asante empire under Osei Tutu; the Nyamwezi under Mirambo; the Hehe state under Mkwawa.

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the reasons for the rise of two of the African states specified in the question. Reasons may predate the timeframe, but they must be clearly linked to the issue raised in the question. Candidates may offer equal coverage of both states, or they may prioritize their discussion of one. However, both will be a feature of the response. Candidates may refer to the role of charismatic leadership in winning support and maintaining the loyalty of subjects. They may stress the importance of economic factors such as trade, which often led to the ability to acquire firearms. Military conquest of rival groups may also be considered, or alternatively the ability to persuade rivals to form alliances or submit and pay tribute. The importance of efficient administrative structures may also be stressed, as well as the role of traditional religious practices and other cultural factors in contributing to the task of state-building. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.