Examine the role of systems of government in the rise and decline of the Ghana Empire.

The question requires that candidates consider the interrelationship between systems of government and the rise and decline of the Ghana Empire. Candidates may offer equal coverage of rise and decline, or they may prioritize their examination of either. However, both aspects will be a feature of the response. Candidates may mention that the rulers of Ghana were descended from a long line of kings, arming them with a dynastic legitimacy that strengthened their authority. They commanded a highly centralized and efficient bureaucracy, raising revenue by taxing the trade in gold and salt. As the empire expanded, many states on its periphery fell under its protection. Over time, however, rival empires emerged, such as Sila, and the borderland vassal states were increasingly drawn to these new centres of gravity. The empire contracted, finally splitting apart. Other relevant interrelationships may be considered, for example the role of trade in the rise and decline, but with a focus on the issue in the question. Candidates’ opinions or conclusions will be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.