Discuss the causes of immigration in one country and emigration in one other country of the region (excluding China, Japan and India) during the period from 1980 to 2005.

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the causes of immigration in one country and emigration in one other country (excluding China, Japan and India) during the period from 1980 to 2005. The processes of immigration and emigration need not have occurred at the same time. Causes may predate the timeframe but they must be clearly linked to the issue raised in the question. Candidates may offer equal coverage of both countries or they may emphasize their discussion of migration in one over the other. However, all aspects will be a feature of the response. Candidates may refer to the growth in emigration within Asia since the 1990s, particularly from less-developed countries with massive labour surpluses to fast-growing, newly industrializing countries, either internally within Asia, or externally. Migrants emigrated towards the Gulf region after oil prices surged and there was movement of highly skilled workers, student mobility and refugees as a result of conflict. Mobility of professionals, executives, technicians, and other highly skilled personnel has grown in the last 30 years.

Candidates were required to offer a considered and balanced review of the causes of immigration in one country and emigration in one other country (excluding China, Japan and India) during the period from 1980 to 2005. Candidates needed to discuss immigration and emigration but there did not need to be equal coverage of both.